Aryl dihydropyridinones and piperidinone MGAT2 inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I): 
                         
or a stereoisomer, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein all of the variables are as defined herein. These compounds are monoacylglycerol acyltransferase type 2 (MGAT2) inhibitors which may be used as medicaments.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/305,098, filed on Jun. 16, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/688,584 filed on Nov. 29, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,791,091, Issued Jul. 19, 2014, which claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/566,039, filed Dec. 2, 2011; the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel aryl dihydropyridinone and piperidinone compounds, and their analogues thereof, which are MGAT2 inhibitors, compositions containing them, and methods of using them, for example, for the treatment or prophylaxis of diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia and related conditions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The prevalence of obesity and diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate. According to WHO, in 2008, 70% of the U.S. adult population was overweight, and among them 33% were obese. Parallel to the explosive number of people becoming overweight and obese, in 2008, it was estimated that 12.3% of the U.S. population had elevated blood glucose [http://www.who.int/diabetes/facts/en/]. The obesity/diabetes epidemic is not unique to the U.S. According to WHO (Fact Sheet No. 312, September 2012), 347 million people worldwide have diabetes. Treating obesity and improving glycemic control effectively and safely remain major challenges for modern medicine.

Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) has emerged as an attractive target for the treatment of obesity and type II diabetes [Yen, C. L. et al., Nat. Med., 15(4):442-446 (2009)]. MGAT2 is highly and selectively expressed in the small intestine where it exerts a pivotal role in the monoacylglycerol-pathway for the absorption of dietary fat. When dietary fat is ingested, pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides into free fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol, which are absorbed by intestinal epithelial enterocytes. Once inside enterocytes, free fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol are used as building blocks to resynthesize triglycerides by two sequential acylation steps; first by MGAT and then by DGAT enzyme reactions. Triglycerides are then incorporated into chylomicrons and secreted into lymph to be utilized as an energy supply for the body. MGAT2 knockout mice exhibit a healthy metabolic phenotype and show resistance to high-fat diet induced obesity, improvement in insulin sensitivity and decreased fat accumulation in liver and adipose tissue. In addition, genetic deletion of MGAT2 produces mice with increased levels of GLP1 [Yen, C. L. et al., Nat. Med., 15(4):442-446 (2009)]. Taken together, these data show that MGAT2 inhibitors hold promise to treat metabolic disorders such as obesity, type II diabetes and dyslipidemia.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides aryl dihydropyridinone and piperidinone compounds, and their analogues thereof, which are useful as MGAT2 inhibitors, including stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or solvates thereof.

The present invention also provides processes and intermediates for making the compounds of the present invention or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or solvates thereof.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one of the compounds of the present invention or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or solvates thereof.

The compounds of the invention may be used in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of multiple diseases or disorders associated with MGAT2, such as diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia and related conditions, such as microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, Metabolic Syndrome and its component conditions, disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism and other maladies.

The compounds of the invention may be used in therapy.

The compounds of the invention may be used for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of multiple diseases or disorders associated with MGAT2.

The compounds of the invention can be used alone, in combination with other compounds of the present invention, or in combination with one or more other agent(s).

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Compounds of the Invention

In a first aspect, the present invention provides, inter alia, a compound of Formula (I):

or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, wherein:

designates a single or double bond;

x and y can be both a single bond; when x is a double bond, then y is a single bond and R⁴ and R¹⁶ are absent; when y is a double bond, then x is a single bond and R⁵ and R¹⁶ are absent;

R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of: —CONH(C₄₋₁₈ alkyl), —CONHC₂₋₈ haloalkyl, —CONH(CH₂)₁₋₈Ph, —CONHCH₂COC₂₋₈ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—(C₃₋₁₀ carbocycle substituted with 0-2 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g)), —(CH₂)_(m)-(5- to 6-membered heteroaryl comprising: carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O and S; wherein said heteroaryl is substituted with 0-1 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g)), and a C₁₋₁₂ hydrocarbon chain substituted with 0-3 R^(a); wherein said hydrocarbon chain may be straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated;

R² is independently selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl, and C₁₋₄ haloalkyl;

R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, F, Cl, C₁₋₄ alkyl and CN;

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, F, Cl, and C₁₋₄ alkyl;

when x is a single bond, R³ and R⁴ may be combined with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocycle;

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, CN, NO₂, R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—(X)_(t)—(CH₂)_(m)R^(c), NH₂, —CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCOX₁SO₂R^(j), —NHCOCH₂PO(OEt)₂, —NHCOCOR^(j), —NHCOCH(OH)R^(j), —NHCOCH₂COR^(j), —NHCONHR^(j), and —OCONR^(f)R^(j);

X is independently selected from the group consisting of: O, S, NH, CONH, and NHCO;

X₁ is independently C₁₋₄ hydrocarbon chain optionally substituted with C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl;

when y is a single bond, R⁵ and R⁶ may be combined with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocycle;

R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(i), C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, —(CH₂)_(m)—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, CN, NR^(f)R^(j), OR^(j), SR^(j), NHCO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), NHSO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), and a 4- to 6-membered heterocycle comprising: carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O, and S;

alternatively, R¹¹ and R¹², together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a 5 to 6-membered carbocyclic ring or a 5 to 6-membered heterocyclic ring comprising: carbon atoms and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O, and S;

alternatively, R¹² and R¹³, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a 5 to 6-membered carbocyclic ring or a 5 to 6-membered heterocyclic ring comprising: carbon atoms and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O, and S;

R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H and C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R^(a) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —(CH₂)_(n)—(X)_(t)—(CH₂)_(m)R^(c), and —(CH₂)_(n)—(CH₂O)_(m)—(CH₂)_(n)R^(f);

R^(b) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, OH, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkylthio, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyltho, N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —CONH(CH₂)₄₋₂₀H, —O(CH₂)_(s)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—(X)_(t)—(CH₂)_(m)R^(c), and —(CH₂)_(n)—(CH₂O)_(m)—(CH₂)_(n)R^(f);

R^(c) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(d), C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(d), —(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(d)), and a 5- to 6-membered heterocycle comprising: carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O, and S; wherein said heterocycle is substituted with 0-2 R^(d);

R^(d) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, OH, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, tetrazolyl, OBn and phenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(h);

R^(e) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: H, C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, benzyl optionally substituted with C₁₋₄ alkoxy, CO(C₁₋₄ alkyl) and COBn;

R^(f) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: H and C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy;

R^(j) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl and phenyl;

n, at each occurrence, is independently 0 or 1;

m, at each occurrence, is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

s, at each occurrence, is independently 1, 2, or 3; and

t, at each occurrence, is independently 0 or 1;

provided that the following compounds are excluded:

In a second aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of the first aspect, wherein:

R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of: —CONHC₄₋₁₈ alkyl, —CONH(CH₂)₁₋₈Ph, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(a), C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(a), C₁₋₁₂ alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R^(a), —(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 0-1 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g)), —(CH₂)_(m)—(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-1 R^(b)), and —(CH₂)_(m)-(5- to 6-membered heteroaryl substituted with 0-1 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g)), wherein said heteroaryl is selected from: pyridyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl and

In a third aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of the first or second aspect, wherein:

R¹¹ and R¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and halo;

R¹² and R¹⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₁₋₄ alkoxy; and

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-1 R^(i), C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, —(CH₂)_(m)—C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl, CN, NR^(f)R^(j), SR^(j), NHCO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), NHSO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), and a 4- to 6-membered heterocycle comprising: carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O, and S.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula (II):

or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof; within the scope of any of the above aspects.

In a fifth aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the above aspects, wherein:

R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —CONHC₄₋₁₈ alkyl, —CONHC₂₋₈ haloalkyl, —CONH(CH₂)₁₋₈Ph, —(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 1 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g)), and a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl substituted with 0-1 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g), wherein said heteroaryl is selected from: pyridyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl and

R² is independently selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₁₋₄ haloalkyl;

R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H and F;

R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H and F;

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: CN, NH₂, —CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—(X)_(t)—(CH₂)_(m)R^(c), —NHCO(CH₂)SO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —NHCOCH₂PO(OEt)₂, —NHCOCO(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —NHCOCH(OH)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —NHCOCH₂CO(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —NHCONH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), and —OCONH(C₁₋₄ alkyl);

R¹¹ and R¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and halo;

R¹² and R¹⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₁₋₄ alkoxy;

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-1 C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, —(CH₂)_(m)—C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl, CN, N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, NHCO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), NHSO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), pyrazolyl, and morpholinyl;

alternatively, R¹² and R¹³, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a 5 to 6-membered carbocyclic ring or a 5 to 6-membered heterocyclic ring comprising: carbon atoms and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O, and S;

R^(b) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, OH, C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkoxy, —O(CH₂)_(s)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —CONH(CH₂)₆₋₂₀H, —(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), —(CH₂)_(m)(C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl), —O(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), 4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph, —O(CH₂)_(m)Ph, morpholinyl, pyridyl, 2-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-pyridin-5-yl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and —O-pyrimidinyl;

R^(g) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy;

m, at each occurrence, is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; and

s, at each occurrence, is independently 1, 2, or 3;

provided that the following compounds are excluded:

In a sixth aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the above aspects, wherein:

R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CONHC₄₋₁₈ alkyl, —CONH(CH₂)₁₋₈Ph, and

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: CN, NH₂, —CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCOCH₂PO(OEt)₂, —NHCO(CH₂)SO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), R^(c), OR^(c), —CONHR^(c), and —NHCOR^(c);

R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₁₋₄ alkoxy;

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-1 C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, —(CH₂)_(m)—C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl, CN, N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, NHCO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), NHSO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), pyrazolyl, and morpholinyl;

alternatively, R¹² and R¹³, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a 5 to 6-membered carbocyclic ring or a 5 to 6-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising: carbon atoms and 1-2 oxygen atoms;

R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H and C₁₋₄ alkoxy;

R^(b) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkoxy, —O(CH₂)_(s)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CONH(CH₂)₆₋₂₀H, —(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), —(CH₂)_(m)(C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl), —O(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), phenoxy, benzoxy, morpholinyl, 2-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-pyridin-5-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrazin-2-yl and —O-pyrimidinyl; and

R^(c) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(d), —(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(d)), and a heteroaryl selected from: oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, and pyrazinyl; wherein said heteroaryl is substituted with 0-2 R^(d); and

provided that the following compounds are excluded:

In a seventh aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the above aspects, wherein:

R¹ is

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: NH₂, CN, —CONH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), OPh, —CONH(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), —CONHPh, —CONH-(2-halo-Ph), —CONH-(3-halo-Ph), —CONH-(4-halo-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ alkyl-Ph), —CONH(4-OH-Ph), —CONH-(3-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ haloalkyl-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy-Ph), —CONH-(4-CN-Ph), —CONH-(4-tetrazolyl-Ph), —CONH-(3-halo-4-C₁₋₄ alkyl-Ph), —CONH-(3-halo-4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph), —CONH(CH₂)₂Ph, —CONH(4-(4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph)-thiazol-2-yl), —CONH(1-C₁₋₄ alkyl-pyrazol-3-yl), —CONH(5-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-pyrid-2-yl), —CONH(6-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-pyrid-3-yl), —CONH(5-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-pyrazin-2-yl), —CONH(6-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-pyridazin-3-yl), —NHCO(CH₂)SO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —NHCOPh, —NHCO(2-C₁₋₄ alkyl-Ph), —NHCO(3-C₁₋₄ alkyl-Ph), —NHCO(4-C₁₋₄ alkyl-Ph), —NHCO(2-halo-Ph), —NHCO(3-halo-Ph), —NHCO(2-C₁₋₄ haloalkyl-Ph), —NHCO(2-C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy-Ph), —NHCO(2-halo-4-halo-Ph), —NHCO(2-halo-5-halo-Ph), —NHCO(oxazolyl), —NHCO(isoxazolyl), —NHCO(3-C₁₋₄ alkyl-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(4-C₁₋₄ alkyl-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(3-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(3-halo-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(3-OBn-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(3-(2-halo-Ph)-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(3-(3-halo-Ph)-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(5-C₁₋₄ alkyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl), imidazolyl, —NHCO(5-C₁₋₄ alkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl), —NHCO(1-C₁₋₄ alkyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl), —NHCO(6-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-pyrid-3-yl), —NHCO(pyrazinyl), —NHCO(6-halo-pyridazin-3-yl), 5-C₁₋₄ haloalkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl, 3-NO₂-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, tetrazolyl and 5-C₁₋₄ alkyl-tetrazol-1-yl;

R^(b) is independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkoxy, —CONH(CH₂)₆₋₂₀H, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, —O(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), phenoxy, benzoxy, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl and —O-pyrimidinyl; and

R^(g) is independently selected from the group consisting of: halo and C₁₋₄ alkyl;

provided that the following compounds are excluded:

In an eighth aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the above aspects, wherein:

R² is independently selected from the group consisting of: CF₃ and Me;

R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H and F;

R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H and F;

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: NH₂, CN, —CONHMe, OPh, —CONH(cyclopropyl), —CONH(cyclobutyl), —CONH(cyclopentyl), —CONH(cyclohexyl), —CONHPh, —CONH(4-F-Ph), —CONH(2-Cl-Ph), —CONH(4-Cl-Ph), —CONH(4-Me-Ph), —CONH(4-OH-Ph), —CONH(3-OMe-Ph), —CONH(4-OMe-Ph), —CONH(4-CF₃-Ph), —CONH(4-OCF₃-Ph), —CONH(1-Me-pyrazol-3-yl), —CONH(4-(1H-tetrazol-2-yl)-Ph), —CONH(4-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-Ph), —CONH(3-F-4-Me-Ph), —CONH(3-F-4-OMe-Ph), —CONH(CH₂)₂Ph, —CONH(5-OMe-pyrid-2-yl), —CONH(6-OMe-pyrid-3-yl), —CONH(5-OMe-pyrazin-2-yl), —CONH(6-OMe-pyridazin-3-yl), —NHCO(CH₂)SO₂Me, —NHCOPh, —NHCO(2-Me-Ph), —NHCO(3-Me-Ph), —NHCO(4-Me-Ph), —NHCO(2-Cl-Ph), —NHCO(3-Cl-Ph), —NHCO(2-Cl-4-F-Ph), —NHCO(2-Cl-5-F-Ph), —NHCO(isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(3-Me-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(4-Me-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(3-OMe-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(3-Br-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(3-(2-Cl-Ph)-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(3-(3-F-Ph)-isoxazol-5-yl), —NHCO(3-OBn-isoxazol-5-yl), 1H-imidazol-1-yl, —NHCO(5-Me-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl), —NHCO(1-Me-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl), —NHCO(6-OMe-pyrid-3-yl), —NHCO(6-Cl-pyridazin-3-yl), 5-CF₃-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl, 1H-tetrazol-1-yl, 1H-tetrazol-3-yl, and 2H-tetrazol-5-yl;

R¹¹ and R¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Me, F, and Cl;

R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, F, Cl, Me and OMe;

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, F, Cl, Br, Me, OMe, OEt, CH₂OMe, CF₃, CH₂CF₃, OCHF₂, OCF₃, CN, N(Me)₂, cyclopropyl and cyclopropylmethyl;

alternatively, R¹² and R¹³, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a 5 to 6-membered carbocyclic ring or a 5 to 6-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising: carbon atoms and 1-2 oxygen atoms;

R¹⁴ is H;

R^(b) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: n-pentyl, methoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, i-pentoxy, —O(CH₂)₁₋₆CF₃, —O(CH₂)₁₋₄CF₂CF₃, —CONH(CH₂)₆₋₂₀H, cyclopropyl, cyclopent-1-en-1-yl, cyclohex-1-en-1-yl, —O(CH₂)₂(cyclopentyl), phenoxy, benzoxy, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrazin-2-yl and —O-pyrimidin-2-yl; and

R^(g) is F;

provided that the following compound is excluded:

In a ninth aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth aspects, wherein:

R¹ is

R² is independently selected from CF₃ and CH₃;

R⁶ is independently selected from: CN, R^(c), —CONHR^(c), —NHCOR^(c), and —NHCOCH₂SO₂ (C₁₋₄ alkyl);

R^(b) is independently selected from: —O(CH₂)₁₋₆CF₃, —O(CH₂)₁₋₄CF₂CF₃, —CONH(CH₂)₆₋₂₀H, cyclopent-1-en-1-yl, cyclohex-1-en-1-yl, —O(CH₂)₂(cyclopentyl), phenoxy, benzoxy, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrazin-2-yl and —O-pyrimidin-2-yl;

R^(c) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: —(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(d)), and a heteroaryl selected from: oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, and pyrazinyl; wherein said heteroaryl is substituted with 0-2 R^(d); and

R^(d) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, tetrazolyl and OBn.

In another aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and ninth aspects, wherein:

R¹ is

R² is independently selected from CF₃ and CH₃;

R⁶ is independently selected from: CN, R^(c), —CONHR^(c), —NHCOR^(c), and —NHCOCH₂SO₂ (C₁₋₄ alkyl);

R¹¹, R¹², R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are H;

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy; and

R^(b) is independently selected from: —O(CH₂)₁₋₆CF₃ and —O(CH₂)₁₋₄CF₂CF₃.

In another aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (II), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of the fourth or fifth aspect, wherein:

R¹ is

R² is independently selected from CF₃ and CH₃;

R³ and R⁴ are H;

R⁶ is independently 5-membered nitrogen heteroaryl;

R¹¹, R¹², R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are H;

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy; and

R^(b) is independently selected from: —O(CH₂)₁₋₆CF₃ and —O(CH₂)₁₋₄CF₂CF₃.

In another aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (II), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of the fourth or fifth aspect, wherein:

R¹ is

R² is independently selected from CF₃ and CH₃;

R³ and R⁴ are H;

R⁶ is independently selected from: 1H-imidazol-1-yl, 1H-tetrazol-1-yl, 1H-tetrazol-3-yl, and 2H-tetrazol-5-yl;

R¹¹, R¹², R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are H;

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Me, OMe, and OCHF₂; and

R^(b) is independently selected from: —O(CH₂)₁₋₆CF₃ and —O(CH₂)₁₋₄CF₂CF₃.

In a tenth aspect, the present invention provides, inter alia, a compound of Formula (I):

or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, wherein:

designates a single or double bond;

x and y can be both a single bond; when x is a double bond, then y is a single bond and R⁴ and R¹⁶ are absent; when y is a double bond, then x is a single bond and R⁵ and R¹⁶ are absent;

R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of: —(CH₂)_(m)—(C₃₋₁₀ carbocycle substituted with 0-3 R^(b)) or a C₁₋₁₂ hydrocarbon chain substituted with 0-3 R^(a); wherein said hydrocarbon chain may be straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated;

R² is independently selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₁₋₄ haloalkyl;

R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl and CN;

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo and C₁₋₄ alkyl;

when x is a single bond, R³ and R⁴ may be combined with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocycle;

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, CN, NO₂, and —(CH₂)_(n)—(X)_(t)—(CH₂)_(m)R^(c);

X is independently selected from the group consisting of: O, S, NH, CONH and NHCO;

when y is a single bond, R⁵ and R⁶ may be combined with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocycle;

R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, CN and a 5- to 6-membered heterocycle comprising: carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O, and S;

R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H and C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R^(a) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —(CH₂)_(n)—(X)_(t)—(CH₂)_(m)R^(c), and —(CH₂)_(n)—(CH₂O)_(m)—(CH₂)_(n)R^(f);

R^(b) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, OH, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —(CH₂)_(n)—(X)_(t)—(CH₂)_(m)R^(c), and —(CH₂)_(n)—(CH₂O)_(m)—(CH₂)_(n)R^(f);

R^(c) is independently selected from the group consisting of: C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(d), phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(d), and a 5- to 6-membered heterocycle comprising: carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O, and S; wherein said heterocycle is substituted with 0-2 R^(d);

R^(d) is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy;

R^(e) is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, CO(C₁₋₄ alkyl) and COBn;

R^(f) is independently selected from the group consisting of: H and C₁₋₄ alkyl;

n, at each occurrence, is independently 0 or 1;

m, at each occurrence, is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and

t, at each occurrence, is independently 0 or 1;

provided that the following compounds are excluded:

In an eleventh tenth aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of the tenth aspect, wherein:

R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(a), —(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(b)), and —(CH₂)_(m)—(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(b)).

In a twelfth aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of the tenth or eleventh aspect, wherein:

R¹¹ and R¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H and halo;

R¹² and R¹⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₁₋₄ alkoxy; and

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, CN and morpholinyl.

In a thirteenth aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula (II):

or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof; within the scope of any of the tenth, eleventh and twelfth aspects.

In a fourteenth aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth aspects, wherein:

R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(m)Ph and

R² is independently selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₁₋₄ haloalkyl;

R³ is H;

R⁴ is H;

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: CN, NO₂, —CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CONHPh, —CONH-(3-halo-Ph), —CONH-(4-halo-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ alkyl-Ph), —CONH-(3-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ haloalkyl-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy-Ph), —CONH-(3-halo-4-C₁₋₄ alkyl-Ph), —CONH-(3-halo-4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph), —CONH(CH₂)₂Ph, and 2H-tetrazol-5-yl;

R¹¹ and R¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H and halo;

R¹² and R¹⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₁₋₄ alkoxy;

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, CN and morpholinyl;

R^(b) is independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, OH, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁₋₄ alkyl), N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —O(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), 4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph, —O(CH₂)_(m)Ph, pyridin-2-yl, 2-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-pyridin-5-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrazin-2-yl and —O-pyrimidin-2-yl; and

m, at each occurrence, is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3.

In a fifteenth aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth aspects, wherein:

R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₆ alkyl and

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: CN, —CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CONHPh, —CONH-(3-halo-Ph), —CONH-(4-halo-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ alkyl-Ph), —CONH-(3-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ haloalkyl-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy-Ph), —CONH-(3-halo-4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph), —CONH(CH₂)₂Ph, and 2H-tetrazol-5-yl;

R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₁₋₄ alkoxy;

R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H and C₁₋₄ alkoxy;

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy and CN;

R^(b) is independently selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —O(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), phenoxy, benzoxy, 2-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-pyridin-5-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrazin-2-yl and —O-pyrimidin-2-yl; and

m, at each occurrence, is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;

provided that the following compounds are excluded:

In a sixteenth aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth aspects, wherein:

R¹ is

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: CN, —CONHPh, —CONH-(4-halo-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ alkyl-Ph), —CONH-(3-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ haloalkyl-Ph), —CONH-(4-C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy-Ph), —CONH-(3-halo-4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph), —CONH(CH₂)₂Ph, and 2H-tetrazol-5-yl; and

R^(b) is independently selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —O(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), phenoxy, benzoxy, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrazin-2-yl and —O-pyrimidin-2-yl;

provided that the following compounds are excluded:

In a seventeenth aspect, the present invention includes a compound of Formula (I) or (II), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, within the scope of any of the ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth aspects, wherein:

R² is independently selected from the group consisting of: CF₃ and Me;

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: CN, —CONHPh, —CONH-(4-F-Ph), —CONH-(4-Cl-Ph), —CONH-(4-Me-Ph), —CONH-(3-OMe-Ph), —CONH-(4-OMe-Ph), —CONH-(4-CF₃-Ph), —CONH-(4-OCF₃-Ph), —CONH-(3-F-4-OMe-Ph), —CONH(CH₂)₂Ph, and 2H-tetrazol-5-yl;

R¹¹ and R¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H and F;

R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Me and OMe;

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H, F, Cl, Me, OMe, OEt, CF₃, OCHF₂, OCF₃ and CN;

R¹⁴ is H; and

R^(b) is independently selected from the group consisting of: n-pentyl, methoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, —O(CH₂)₁₋₃CF₃, —O(CH₂)₂(cyclopentyl), phenoxy, benzoxy, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrazin-2-yl and —O-pyrimidin-2-yl;

provided that the following compounds are excluded:

In an eighteenth aspect, the present invention provides a compound selected from the exemplified examples or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound selected from any subset list of compounds or a single compound from the exemplified examples within the scope of any of the above aspects.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound selected from:

-   (S)-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one, -   (S)—N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxamide, -   (S)-3-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4)-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-((6,6,6-trifluorohexyl)oxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one, -   (S)-2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile, -   (S)-2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-N-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxamide, -   (S)—N-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxamide, -   (S)—N-cyclopropyl-2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxamide, -   (S)—N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxamide, -   (S)-4-(4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-2-oxo-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile, -   (S)-2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-6-(4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropoxy)phenyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile, -   (S)-4-(4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one, -   (S)-3-methyl-N-(2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl)isoxazole-5-carboxamide, -   (S)-5-methyl-N-(2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-carboxamide, -   N²-heptyl-N⁵-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-6-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-2,5-dicarboxamide, -   (S)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-((6,6,6-trifluorohexyl)oxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one, -   (S)-2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-((6,6,6-trifluorohexyl)oxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile, -   (S)-4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one, -   (S)-2-(methylsulfonyl)-N-(2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl)acetamide, -   (S)-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-4-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one,     and -   (S)—N-(5-methoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxamide;     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, R¹ is independently —CONH(C₄₋₁₈ alkyl), —CONHC₂₋₈ haloalkyl, or —CONH(CH₂)₁₋₈Ph.

In another embodiment, R¹ is —(CH₂)_(m)—(C₃₋₁₀ carbocycle substituted with 0-2 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g)), or —(CH₂)_(m)-(5- to 6-membered heteroaryl comprising: carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O and S; wherein said heteroaryl is substituted with 0-1 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g)).

In another embodiment, R¹ is —(CH₂)_(m)—(C₃₋₁₀ carbocycle substituted with 0-2 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g)).

In another embodiment, R¹ is —(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g)).

In another embodiment, R¹ is —(CH₂)_(m)-(5- to 6-membered heteroaryl comprising: carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O and S; wherein said heteroaryl is substituted with 0-1 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g)).

In another embodiment, R¹ is a C₁₋₁₂ hydrocarbon chain substituted with 0-3 R^(a); wherein said hydrocarbon chain may be straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated.

In another embodiment, R¹ is independently: C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —CONHC₄₋₁₈ alkyl, —CONHC₂₋₈ haloalkyl, —CONH(CH₂)₁₋₈ Ph, —(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 1 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g)), or a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl substituted with 0-1 R^(b) and 0-2 R^(g), wherein said heteroaryl is selected from: pyridyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl and

In another embodiment, R¹ is independently: C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CONHC₄₋₁₈ alkyl, —CONH(CH₂)₁₋₈Ph, or

In another embodiment, R¹ is

In another embodiment, R¹ is independently

In another embodiment, R² is independently C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl.

In another embodiment, R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl.

In another embodiment, R² is C₁₋₄ haloalkyl.

In another embodiment, R² is independently CF₃ or Me.

In another embodiment, R² is CF₃.

In another embodiment, R² is Me.

In another embodiment, R³ is independently H or F.

In another embodiment, R³ is H.

In another embodiment, R³ is F.

In another embodiment, R⁴ is independently H or F.

In another embodiment, R⁴ is H.

In another embodiment, R⁴ is F.

In another embodiment, R⁵ is independently H or F.

In another embodiment, R⁵ is H.

In another embodiment, R⁵ is F.

In another embodiment, R⁶ is independently C₁₋₄ alkyl, CN, R^(c), or —(CH₂)_(n)—(X)_(t)—(CH₂)_(m)R^(c).

In another embodiment, R⁶ is independently —CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCOX₁SO₂R^(j), —NHCOCOR^(j), —NHCOCH(OH)R^(j), —NHCOCH₂COR^(j), —NHCONHR^(j), or —OCONR^(f)R^(j).

In another embodiment, R⁶ is independently CN, NH₂, —CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—(X)_(t)—(CH₂)_(m)R^(c), —NHCO(CH₂)SO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —NHCOCO(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —NHCOCH(OH)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —NHCOCH₂CO(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —NHCONH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), or —OCONH(C₁₋₄ alkyl).

In another embodiment, R⁶ is independently CN, NH₂, —CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCO(CH₂)SO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), R^(c), OR^(c), —CONHR^(c), or —NHCOR^(c).

In another embodiment, R⁶ is independently CN, NH₂, —CONH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCO(CH₂)SO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), R^(c), OR^(c), —CONHR^(c), or —NHCOR^(c).

In another embodiment, R⁶ is independently CN, R^(c), —CONHR^(c), —NHCOR^(c), or —NHCOCH₂SO₂ (C₁₋₄ alkyl).

In another embodiment, R⁶ is independently 5-membered nitrogen heteroaryl.

In another embodiment, R⁶ is independently: 1H-imidazol-1-yl, 1H-tetrazol-1-yl, 1H-tetrazol-3-yl, or 2H-tetrazol-5-yl.

In another embodiment, R¹¹ is independently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl or halo.

In another embodiment, R¹¹ is independently H, Me, F, or Cl.

In another embodiment, R¹¹ is H.

In another embodiment, R¹¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl.

In another embodiment, R¹¹ is Me.

In another embodiment, R¹¹ is halo.

In another embodiment, R¹¹ is independently F or Cl.

In another embodiment, R¹² is independently H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₁₋₄ alkoxy.

In another embodiment, R¹² is independently H, F, Cl, Me and OMe.

In another embodiment, R¹² is H.

In another embodiment, R¹² is C₁₋₄ alkyl.

In another embodiment, R¹² is Me.

In another embodiment, R¹² is C₁₋₄ alkoxy.

In another embodiment, R¹² is OMe.

In another embodiment, R¹² is halo.

In another embodiment, R¹² is independently F or Cl.

In another embodiment, R¹³ is independently: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-1 R^(i), C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl, CN, NR^(f)R^(j), SR^(j), NHCO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), NHSO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), or a 4- to 6-membered heterocycle comprising: carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O, and S.

In another embodiment, R¹³ is independently: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-1 C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, CN, C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl, N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, NHCO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), NHSO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), pyrazolyl, or morpholinyl.

In another embodiment, R¹³ is independently: H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with 0-1 C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, CN or C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl.

In another embodiment, R¹³ is independently: NR^(f)R^(j), NHCO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), NHSO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), or a 4- to 6-membered heterocycle comprising: carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O, and S.

In another embodiment, R¹⁴ is independently H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₁₋₄ alkoxy.

In another embodiment, R¹⁴ is independently H, F, Cl, Me and OMe.

In another embodiment, R¹⁴ is H.

In another embodiment, R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl.

In another embodiment, R¹⁴ is Me.

In another embodiment, R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy.

In another embodiment, R¹⁴ is OMe.

In another embodiment, R¹⁴ is halo.

In another embodiment, R¹⁴ is independently F or Cl.

In another embodiment, R¹⁵ is independently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl or halo.

In another embodiment, R¹⁵ is independently H, Me, F, or Cl.

In another embodiment, R¹⁵ is H.

In another embodiment, R¹⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl.

In another embodiment, R¹⁵ is Me.

In another embodiment, R¹⁵ is halo.

In another embodiment, R¹⁵ is independently F or Cl.

In another embodiment, R¹⁶ is H.

In another embodiment, R¹⁶ is C₁₋₄ alkyl.

In another embodiment, X is independently O, S, or NH.

In another embodiment, X is independently O or S.

In another embodiment, X is O.

In another embodiment, X is independently CONH or NHCO.

In another embodiment, X is CONH.

In another embodiment, X is NHCO.

In another embodiment, R^(b) is, at each occurrence, independently: C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkylthio, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyltho, —CONH(CH₂)₄₋₂₀H, —O(CH₂)_(s)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), R^(c), —(CH₂)_(n)—(X)_(t)—(CH₂)_(m)R^(c), or —(CH₂)_(n)—(CH₂O)_(m)—(CH₂)_(n)R^(f).

In another embodiment, R^(b) is, at each occurrence, independently: halo, OH, C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkoxy, —O(CH₂)_(s)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —CONH(CH₂)₆₋₂₀H, —(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), —(CH₂)_(m)(C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl), —O(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), 4-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-Ph, —O(CH₂)_(m)Ph, morpholinyl, pyridyl, 2-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-pyridin-5-yl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or —O-pyrimidinyl.

In another embodiment, R^(b) is, at each occurrence, independently: halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkoxy, —O(CH₂)_(s)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CONH(CH₂)₆₋₂₀H, —(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), —(CH₂)_(m)(C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl), —O(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), phenoxy, benzoxy, morpholinyl, 2-C₁₋₄ alkoxy-pyridin-5-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrazin-2-yl or —O-pyrimidinyl.

In another embodiment, R^(b) is, at each occurrence, independently: halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkoxy, —CONH(CH₂)₆₋₂₀H, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, —O(CH₂)_(m)(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), phenoxy, benzoxy, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl and —O-pyrimidinyl.

In another embodiment, R^(b) is, at each occurrence, independently: —O(CH₂)₁₋₆CF₃ and —O(CH₂)₁₋₄CF₂CF₃.

In another embodiment, R^(c) is, at each occurrence, independently: C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(d), C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(d), or —(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(d)).

In another embodiment, R^(c) is, at each occurrence, independently: C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(d) or C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(d).

In another embodiment, R^(c) is, at each occurrence, independently —(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(d)).

In another embodiment, R^(c) is, at each occurrence, independently C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R^(d).

In another embodiment, R^(c) is, at each occurrence, independently C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted with 0-2 R^(d).

In another embodiment, R^(c) is, at each occurrence, independently a 5- to 6-membered heterocycle comprising: carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, NR^(e), O, and S; wherein said heterocycle is substituted with 0-2 R^(d).

In another embodiment, R^(c) is, at each occurrence, independently —(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(d)), or a heteroaryl selected from: oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, and pyrazinyl; wherein said heteroaryl is substituted with 0-2 R^(d).

In another embodiment, R^(c) is, at each occurrence, independently a heteroaryl selected from: oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, and pyrazinyl; wherein said heteroaryl is substituted with 0-2 R^(d).

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention have hMGAT2 IC₅₀ values ≦10 μM, using the MGAT2 SPA assay.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention have hMGAT2 IC₅₀ values ≦5 μM, using the MGAT2 SPA assay.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention have hMGAT2 IC₅₀ values ≦1 μM, using the MGAT2 SPA assay.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention have hMGAT2 IC₅₀ values ≦0.5 μM, using the MGAT2 SPA assay.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention have hMGAT2 IC₅₀ values ≦10 μM, using the MGAT2 LCMS assay.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention have hMGAT2 IC₅₀ values ≦5 μM, using the MGAT2 LCMS assay.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention have hMGAT2 IC₅₀ values ≦2.5 μM, using the MGAT2 LCMS assay.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention have hMGAT2 IC₅₀ values ≦1 μM, using the MGAT2 LCMS assay.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention have hMGAT2 IC₅₀ values ≦0.5 μM, using the MGAT2 LCMS assay.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention have hMGAT2 IC₅₀ values ≦0.1 μM, using the MGAT2 LCMS assay.

II. Other Embodiments of the Invention

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising at least one of the compounds of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one of the compounds of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising: a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a process for making a compound of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an intermediate for making a compound of the present invention or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising additional therapeutic agent(s). In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides pharmaceutical composition, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is, for example, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP4) inhibitor (for example a member selected from saxagliptin, sitagliptin, vildagliptin and alogliptin).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of multiple diseases or disorders associated with MGAT2, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment and/or prophylaxis a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention, alone, or, optionally, in combination with another compound of the present invention and/or at least one other type of therapeutic agent.

Examples of diseases or disorders associated with the activity of the MGAT2 that can be prevented, modulated, or treated according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, diabetes, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, gestational diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, delayed wound healing, atherosclerosis and its sequelae, abnormal heart function, myocardial ischemia, stroke, Metabolic Syndrome, hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high low-density lipoprotein (LDL), non-cardiac ischemia, lipid disorders, and glaucoma.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diabetes, hyperglycemia, gestational diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment and/or prophylaxis a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention, alone, or, optionally, in combination with another compound of the present invention and/or at least one other type of therapeutic agent.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diabetes, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment and/or prophylaxis a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention, alone, or, optionally, in combination with another compound of the present invention and/or at least one other type of therapeutic agent.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of hyperglycemia, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment and/or prophylaxis a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention, alone, or, optionally, in combination with another compound of the present invention and/or at least one other type of therapeutic agent.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of obesity, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment and/or prophylaxis a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention, alone, or, optionally, in combination with another compound of the present invention and/or at least one other type of therapeutic agent.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of dyslipidemia, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment and/or prophylaxis a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention, alone, or, optionally, in combination with another compound of the present invention and/or at least one other type of therapeutic agent.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of hypertension, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment and/or prophylaxis a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention, alone, or, optionally, in combination with another compound of the present invention and/or at least one other type of therapeutic agent.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of the present invention for use in therapy.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of the present invention for use in therapy for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of multiple diseases or disorders associated with MGAT2.

In another embodiment, the present invention also provides the use of a compound of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of multiple diseases or disorders associated with MGAT2.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of multiple diseases or disorders associated with MGAT2, comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a first and second therapeutic agent, wherein the first therapeutic agent is a compound of the present invention. Preferably, the second therapeutic agent, for example, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP4) inhibitor (for example a member selected from saxagliptin, sitagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin and alogliptin).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a combined preparation of a compound of the present invention and additional therapeutic agent(s) for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in therapy.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a combined preparation of a compound of the present invention and additional therapeutic agent(s) for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of multiple diseases or disorders associated with MGAT2.

Where desired, the compound of the present invention may be used in combination with one or more other types of antidiabetic agents and/or one or more other types of therapeutic agents which may be administered orally in the same dosage form, in a separate oral dosage form or by injection. The other type of antidiabetic agent that may be optionally employed in combination with the MGAT2 inhibitor of the present invention may be one, two, three or more antidiabetic agents or antihyperglycemic agents which may be administered orally in the same dosage form, in a separate oral dosage form, or by injection to produce an additional pharmacological benefit.

The antidiabetic agents used in the combination with the MGAT2 inhibitor of the present invention include, but are not limited to, insulin secretagogues or insulin sensitizers, other MGAT2 inhibitors, or other antidiabetic agents. These agents include, but are not limited to, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP4) inhibitors (for example, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, alogliptin, linagliptin and vildagliptin), biguanides (for example, metformin and phenformin), sulfonyl ureas (for example, glyburide, glimepiride and glipizide), glucosidase inhibitors (for example, acarbose, miglitol), PPARγ agonists such as thiazolidinediones (for example, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), PPAR α/γ dual agonists (for example, muraglitazar, tesaglitazar and aleglitazar), glucokinase activators, GPR40 receptor modulators (e.g. TAK-875), GPR119 receptor modulators (for example, MBX-2952, PSN821, and APD597), sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (for example, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin and remagliflozin), 11b-HSD-1 inhibitors (for example MK-0736, B135585, BMS-823778, and LY2523199), amylin analogs such as pramlintide, and/or insulin.

The MGAT2 inhibitor of the present invention may also be optionally employed in combination with one or more hypophagic and/or weight-loss agents such as diethylpropion, phendimetrazine, phentermine, orlistat, sibutramine, lorcaserin, pramlintide, topiramate, MCHR1 receptor antagonists, oxyntomodulin, naltrexone, Amylin peptide, NPY Y5 receptor modulators, NPY Y2 receptor modulators, NPY Y4 receptor modulators, cetilistat, 5HT2c receptor modulators, and the like. The compounds of the present invention may also be employed in combination with an agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1 R), such as exenatide, liraglutide, GPR-1(1-36) amide, GLP-1(7-36) amide, GLP-1(7-37), which may be administered via injection, intranasal, or by transdermal or buccal devices.

The MGAT2 inhibitor of the present invention may also be optionally employed in combination with one or more other types of therapeutic agents, such as DGAT inhibitors, LDL lowering drugs such as statins (inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase) or inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, modulators of PCSK9, drugs that increase HDL such as CETP inhibitors.

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. This invention encompasses all combinations of preferred aspects of the invention noted herein. It is understood that any and all embodiments of the present invention may be taken in conjunction with any other embodiment or embodiments to describe additional embodiments. It is also understood that each individual element of the embodiments is its own independent embodiment. Furthermore, any element of an embodiment is meant to be combined with any and all other elements from any embodiment to describe an additional embodiment.

III. Chemistry

Throughout the specification and the appended claims, a given chemical formula or name shall encompass all stereo and optical isomers and racemates thereof where such isomers exist. Unless otherwise indicated, all chiral (enantiomeric and diastereomeric) and racemic forms are within the scope of the invention. Many geometric isomers of C═C double bonds, C═N double bonds, ring systems, and the like can also be present in the compounds, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present invention. Cis- and trans- (or E- and Z-) geometric isomers of the compounds of the present invention are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms. The present compounds can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Optically active forms may be prepared by resolution of racemic forms or by synthesis from optically active starting materials. All processes used to prepare compounds of the present invention and intermediates made therein are considered to be part of the present invention. When enantiomeric or diastereomeric products are prepared, they may be separated by conventional methods, for example, by chromatography or fractional crystallization. Depending on the process conditions the end products of the present invention are obtained either in free (neutral) or salt form. Both the free form and the salts of these end products are within the scope of the invention. If so desired, one form of a compound may be converted into another form. A free base or acid may be converted into a salt; a salt may be converted into the free compound or another salt; a mixture of isomeric compounds of the present invention may be separated into the individual isomers. Compounds of the present invention, free form and salts thereof, may exist in multiple tautomeric forms, in which hydrogen atoms are transposed to other parts of the molecules and the chemical bonds between the atoms of the molecules are consequently rearranged. It should be understood that all tautomeric forms, insofar as they may exist, are included within the invention.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” or “alkylene” is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms. For examples, “C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl” or “C₁₋₁₂ alkyl” (or alkylene), is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₁ and C₁₂ alkyl groups; “C₄ to C₁₈ alkyl” or “C₄₋₁₈ alkyl” (or alkylene), is intended to include C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃, C₁₄, C₁₅, C₁₆, C₁₇, and C₁₈ alkyl groups. Additionally, for example, “C₁ to C₆ alkyl” or “C₁₋₆ alkyl” denotes alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one hydrogen being replaced by another chemical group. Example alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl), and pentyl (e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl). When “C₀ alkyl” or “C₀ alkylene” is used, it is intended to denote a direct bond.

Alkenyl” or “alkenylene” is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either straight or branched configuration having the specified number of carbon atoms and one or more, preferably one to two, carbon-carbon double bonds that may occur in any stable point along the chain. For example, “C₂ to C₆ alkenyl” or “C₂₋₆ alkenyl” (or alkenylene), is intended to include C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, and C₆ alkenyl groups. Examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3, pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, and 4-methyl-3-pentenyl.

“Alkynyl” or “alkynylene” is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either straight or branched configuration having one or more, preferably one to three, carbon-carbon triple bonds that may occur in any stable point along the chain. For example, “C₂ to C₆ alkynyl” or “C₂₋₆ alkynyl” (or alkynylene), is intended to include C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, and C₆ alkynyl groups; such as ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, and hexynyl.

When the term “hydrocarbon chain” is used, it is intended to include “alkyl”, “alkenyl” and “alkynyl”, unless otherwise specified.

The term “alkoxy” or “alkyloxy” refers to an —O-alkyl group. For example, “C₁ to C₆ alkoxy” or “C₁₋₆ alkoxy” (or alkyloxy), is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, and C₆ alkoxy groups. Example alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), and t-butoxy. Similarly, “alkylthio” or “thioalkoxy” represents an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through a sulphur bridge; for example methyl-S— and ethyl-S—.

“Halo” or “halogen” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo. “Haloalkyl” is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms, substituted with 1 or more halogens. Examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, pentachloroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, and heptachloropropyl. Examples of haloalkyl also include “fluoroalkyl” that is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms, substituted with 1 or more fluorine atoms.

“Haloalkoxy” or “haloalkyloxy” represents a haloalkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge. For example, “C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy”, is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, and C₆ haloalkoxy groups. Examples of haloalkoxy include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, and pentafluorothoxy. Similarly, “haloalkylthio” or “thiohaloalkoxy” represents a haloalkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through a sulphur bridge; for example trifluoromethyl-S—, and pentafluoroethyl-S—.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to cyclized alkyl groups, including mono-, bi- or poly-cyclic ring systems. For example, “C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl” or “C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl” is intended to include C₃, C₄, C₅, and C₆ cycloalkyl groups. Example cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and norbornyl. Branched cycloalkyl groups such as 1-methylcyclopropyl and 2-methylcyclopropyl are included in the definition of “cycloalkyl”. The term “cycloalkenyl” refers to cyclized alkenyl groups. C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl is intended to include C₄, C₅, and C₆ cycloalkenyl groups. Example cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, and cyclohexenyl.

As used herein, “carbocycle,” “carbocyclyl,” or “carbocyclic residue” is intended to mean any stable 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered monocyclic or bicyclic or 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, or 13-membered bicyclic or tricyclic ring, any of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, unsaturated or aromatic. Examples of such carbocycles include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl, cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl, [3.3.0]bicyclooctane, [4.3.0]bicyclononane, [4.4.0]bicyclodecane (decalin), [2.2.2]bicyclooctane, fluorenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, adamantyl, anthracenyl, and tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralin). As shown above, bridged rings are also included in the definition of carbocycle (e.g., [2.2.2]bicyclooctane). Preferred carbocycles, unless otherwise specified, are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, indanyl, and tetrahydronaphthyl. When the term “carbocycle” is used, it is intended to include “aryl.” A bridged ring occurs when one or more, preferably one to three, carbon atoms link two non-adjacent carbon atoms. Preferred bridges are one or two carbon atoms. It is noted that a bridge always converts a monocyclic ring into a tricyclic ring. When a ring is bridged, the substituents recited for the ring may also be present on the bridge.

As used herein, the term “bicyclic carbocycle” or “bicyclic carbocyclic group” is intended to mean a stable 9- or 10-membered carbocyclic ring system that contains two fused rings and consists of carbon atoms. Of the two fused rings, one ring is a benzo ring fused to a second ring; and the second ring is a 5- or 6-membered carbon ring which is saturated, partially unsaturated, or unsaturated. The bicyclic carbocyclic group may be attached to its pendant group at any carbon atom which results in a stable structure. The bicyclic carbocyclic group described herein may be substituted on any carbon if the resulting compound is stable. Examples of a bicyclic carbocyclic group are, but not limited to, naphthyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, and indanyl.

“Aryl” groups refer to monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including, for example, phenyl, and naphthyl. Aryl moieties are well known and described, for example, in Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary (15^(th) ed.), R. J. Lewis, ed., J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2007. “C₆₋₁₀ aryl” refers to phenyl and naphthyl.

The term “benzyl,” as used herein, refers to a methyl group on which one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a phenyl group.

As used herein, the term “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” or “heterocyclic group” is intended to mean a stable 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered monocyclic or bicyclic or 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, or 14-membered polycyclic heterocyclic ring that is saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated, and that contains carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; and including any polycyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized (i.e., N→O and S(O)_(p), wherein p is 0, 1 or 2). The nitrogen atom may be substituted or unsubstituted (i.e., N or NR wherein R is H or another substituent, if defined). The heterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure. The heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom if the resulting compound is stable. A nitrogen in the heterocycle may optionally be quaternized. It is preferred that when the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle exceeds 1, then these heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another. It is preferred that the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle is not more than 1. When the term “heterocycle” is used, it is intended to include heteroaryl.

Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, azetidinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, imidazolopyridinyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolopyridinyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolopyridinyl, oxazolidinylperimidinyl, oxindolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazolyl, pyridoimidazolyl, pyridothiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrazolyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thiazolopyridinyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, and xanthenyl. Also included are fused ring and spiro compounds containing, for example, the above heterocycles.

Examples of 5- to 10-membered heterocycles include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl, indolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, thiadiazinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, benzimidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benztetrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, oxindolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, isatinoyl, isoquinolinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, isothiazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, imidazolopyridinyl, and pyrazolopyridinyl.

Examples of 5- to 6-membered heterocycles include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl, indolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, thiadiazinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl. Also included are fused ring and spiro compounds containing, for example, the above heterocycles.

As used herein, the term “bicyclic heterocycle” or “bicyclic heterocyclic group” is intended to mean a stable 9- or 10-membered heterocyclic ring system which contains two fused rings and consists of carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O and S. Of the two fused rings, one ring is a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic aromatic ring comprising a 5-membered heteroaryl ring, a 6-membered heteroaryl ring or a benzo ring, each fused to a second ring. The second ring is a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic ring which is saturated, partially unsaturated, or unsaturated, and comprises a 5-membered heterocycle, a 6-membered heterocycle or a carbocycle (provided the first ring is not benzo when the second ring is a carbocycle).

The bicyclic heterocyclic group may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure. The bicyclic heterocyclic group described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom if the resulting compound is stable. It is preferred that when the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle exceeds 1, then these heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another. It is preferred that the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle is not more than 1.

Examples of a bicyclic heterocyclic group are, but not limited to, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, 1H-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinolinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuranyl, chromanyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoxalinyl, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinazolinyl.

As used herein, the term “aromatic heterocyclic group” or “heteroaryl” is intended to mean stable monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that include at least one heteroatom ring member such as sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen. Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, furyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, indolyl, pyrroyl, oxazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzthiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, indazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, purinyl, carbazolyl, benzimidazolyl, indolinyl, benzodioxolanyl, and benzodioxane. Heteroaryl groups are substituted or unsubstituted. The nitrogen atom is substituted or unsubstituted (i.e., N or NR wherein R is H or another substituent, if defined). The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized (i.e., N→O and S(O)_(p), wherein p is 0, 1 or 2).

Examples of 5- to 6-membered heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, thiadiazinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl.

Bridged rings are also included in the definition of heterocycle. A bridged ring occurs when one or more, preferably one to three, atoms (i.e., C, O, N, or S) link two non-adjacent carbon or nitrogen atoms. Examples of bridged rings include, but are not limited to, one carbon atom, two carbon atoms, one nitrogen atom, two nitrogen atoms, and a carbon-nitrogen group. It is noted that a bridge always converts a monocyclic ring into a tricyclic ring. When a ring is bridged, the substituents recited for the ring may also be present on the bridge.

The term “counter ion” is used to represent a negatively charged species such as chloride, bromide, hydroxide, acetate, and sulfate or a positively charged species such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), ammonium (R_(n)NH_(m)+ where n=0-4 and m=0-4) and the like.

When a dotted ring is used within a ring structure, this indicates that the ring structure may be saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated.

As used herein, the term “amine protecting group” means any group known in the art of organic synthesis for the protection of amine groups which is stable to an ester reducing agent, a disubstituted hydrazine, R4-M and R7-M, a nucleophile, a hydrazine reducing agent, an activator, a strong base, a hindered amine base and a cyclizing agent. Such amine protecting groups fitting these criteria include those listed in Wuts, P. G. M. and Greene, T. W. Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Edition, Wiley (2007) and The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology, Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York (1981), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Examples of amine protecting groups include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) acyl types such as formyl, trifluoroacetyl, phthalyl, and p-toluenesulfonyl; (2) aromatic carbamate types such as benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) and substituted benzyloxycarbonyls, 1-(p-biphenyl)-1-methylethoxycarbonyl, and 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc); (3) aliphatic carbamate types such as tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), ethoxycarbonyl, diisopropylmethoxycarbonyl, and allyloxycarbonyl; (4) cyclic alkyl carbamate types such as cyclopentyloxycarbonyl and adamantyloxycarbonyl; (5) alkyl types such as triphenylmethyl and benzyl; (6) trialkylsilane such as trimethylsilane; (7) thiol containing types such as phenylthiocarbonyl and dithiasuccinoyl; and (8) alkyl types such as triphenylmethyl, methyl, and benzyl; and substituted alkyl types such as 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-phenylethyl, and t-butyl; and trialkylsilane types such as trimethylsilane.

As referred to herein, the term “substituted” means that at least one hydrogen atom is replaced with a non-hydrogen group, provided that normal valencies are maintained and that the substitution results in a stable compound. Ring double bonds, as used herein, are double bonds that are formed between two adjacent ring atoms (e.g., C═C, C═N, or N═N).

In cases wherein there are nitrogen atoms (e.g., amines) on compounds of the present invention, these may be converted to N-oxides by treatment with an oxidizing agent (e.g., mCPBA and/or hydrogen peroxides) to afford other compounds of this invention. Thus, shown and claimed nitrogen atoms are considered to cover both the shown nitrogen and its N-oxide (N→O) derivative.

When any variable occurs more than one time in any constituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, for example, if a group is shown to be substituted with 0-3 R, then said group may optionally be substituted with up to three R groups, and at each occurrence R is selected independently from the definition of R.

When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting two atoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom on the ring. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom in which such substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a given formula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in such substituent.

Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms that are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and/or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic groups such as amines; and alkali or organic salts of acidic groups such as carboxylic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, and nitric; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, and isethionic, and the like.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound that contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 22^(nd) Edition, Allen, L. V. Jr., Ed.; Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK (2012), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

In addition, compounds of formula I may have prodrug forms. Any compound that will be converted in vivo to provide the bioactive agent (i.e., a compound of formula I) is a prodrug within the scope and spirit of the invention. Various forms of prodrugs are well known in the art. For examples of such prodrug derivatives, see:

-   a) Bundgaard, H., ed., Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985), and     Widder, K. et al., eds., Methods in Enzymology, 112:309-396,     Academic Press (1985); -   b) Bundgaard, H., Chapter 5, “Design and Application of Prodrugs,” A     Textbook of Drug Design and Development, pp. 113-191,     Krosgaard-Larsen, P. et al., eds., Harwood Academic Publishers     (1991); -   c) Bundgaard, H., Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 8:1-38 (1992); -   d) Bundgaard, H. et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 77:285 (1988); -   e) Kakeya, N. et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 32:692 (1984); and -   f) Rautio, J (Editor). Prodrugs and Targeted Delivery (Methods and     Principles in Medicinal Chemistry), Vol 47, Wiley-VCH, 2011.

Compounds containing a carboxy group can form physiologically hydrolyzable esters that serve as prodrugs by being hydrolyzed in the body to yield formula I compounds per se. Such prodrugs are preferably administered orally since hydrolysis in many instances occurs principally under the influence of the digestive enzymes. Parenteral administration may be used where the ester per se is active, or in those instances where hydrolysis occurs in the blood. Examples of physiologically hydrolyzable esters of compounds of formula I include C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkylbenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, indanyl, phthalyl, methoxymethyl, C₁₋₆ alkanoyloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., acetoxymethyl, pivaloyloxymethyl or propionyloxymethyl), C₁₋₆alkoxycarbonyloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methoxycarbonyl-oxymethyl or ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl, glycyloxymethyl, phenylglycyloxymethyl, (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)-methyl), and other well known physiologically hydrolyzable esters used, for example, in the penicillin and cephalosporin arts. Such esters may be prepared by conventional techniques known in the art.

Preparation of prodrugs is well known in the art and described in, for example, King, F. D., ed., Medicinal Chemistry: Principles and Practice, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK (2^(nd) edition, reproduced, 2006); Testa, B. et al., Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism. Chemistry, Biochemistry and Enzymology, VCHA and Wiley-VCH, Zurich, Switzerland (2003); Wermuth, C. G., ed., The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, 3^(rd) edition, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (2008).

The present invention is intended to include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include deuterium and tritium. Isotopes of carbon include ¹³C and ¹⁴C. Isotopically-labeled compounds of the invention can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described herein, using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent otherwise employed.

The term “solvate” means a physical association of a compound of this invention with one or more solvent molecules, whether organic or inorganic. This physical association includes hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. The solvent molecules in the solvate may be present in a regular arrangement and/or a non-ordered arrangement. The solvate may comprise either a stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric amount of the solvent molecules. “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolable solvates. Exemplary solvates include, but are not limited to, hydrates, ethanolates, methanolates, and isopropanolates. Methods of solvation are generally known in the art.

Abbreviations as used herein, are defined as follows: “1×” for once, “2×” for twice, “3×” for thrice, “° C.” for degrees Celsius, “eq” for equivalent or equivalents, “g” for gram or grams, “mg” for milligram or milligrams, “L” for liter or liters, “mL” for milliliter or milliliters, “μL” for microliter or microliters, “N” for normal, “M” for molar, “mmol” for millimole or millimoles, “min” for minute or min, “h” for hour or h, “rt” for room temperature, “RT” for retention time, “atm” for atmosphere, “psi” for pounds per square inch, “conc.” for concentrate, “aq” for “aqueous”, “sat” or “sat'd” for saturated, “MW” for molecular weight, “mp” for melting point, “MS” or “Mass Spec” for mass spectrometry, “ESI” for electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, “HR” for high resolution, “HRMS” for high resolution mass spectrometry, “LCMS” for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, “HPLC” for high pressure liquid chromatography, “RP HPLC” for reverse phase HPLC, “TLC” or “tlc” for thin layer chromatography, “NMR” for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, “nOe” for nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, “¹H” for proton, “δ” for delta, “s” for singlet, “d” for doublet, “t” for triplet, “q” for quartet, “m” for multiplet, “br” for broad, “Hz” for hertz, and “α”, “β”, “R”, “S”, “E”, “Z” and “ee” are stereochemical designations familiar to one skilled in the art.

-   Me methyl -   Et ethyl -   Pr propyl -   i-Pr isopropyl -   Bu butyl -   i-Bu isobutyl -   t-Bu tert-butyl -   Ph phenyl -   Bn benzyl -   Hex hexanes -   MeOH methanol -   EtOH ethanol -   i-PrOH or IPA isopropanol -   AcOH or HOAc acetic acid -   Ag₂CO₃ silver carbonate -   AgOAc silver acetate -   CDCl₃ deutero-chloroform -   CHCl₃ chloroform -   cDNA complimentary DNA -   DCC N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide -   DIAD diisopropyl azodicarboxylate -   DMA dimethylamine -   DME dimethylether -   DMF dimethyl formamide -   DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide -   DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine -   EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid -   EtOAc ethyl acetate -   Et₂O diethyl ether -   AlCl₃ aluminum chloride -   Boc tert-butyloxycarbonyl -   CH₂Cl₂ dichloromethane -   CH₃CN or ACN acetonitrile -   Cs₂CO₃ cesium carbonate -   HCl hydrochloric acid -   H₂SO₄ sulfuric acid -   K₂CO₃ potassium carbonate -   KCN potassium cyanide -   mCPBA or m-CPBA meta-chloroperbenzoic acid -   Pd/C palladium on carbon -   PhSO₂Cl benzenesulfonyl chloride -   i-Pr₂NEt diisopropylethylamine -   PS polystyrene -   SFC Supercritical Fluid Chromatography -   SiO₂ silica oxide -   SnCl₂ tin(II) chloride -   TBAT tetrabutylammonium triphenydifluorosilicate -   TEA triethylamine -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid -   THF tetrahydrofuran -   KOAc potassium acetate -   MgSO₄ magnesium sulfate -   NaCl sodium chloride -   NaH sodium hydride -   NaHCO₃ sodium bicarbonate -   NaOH sodium hydroxide -   Na₂SO₃ sodium sulfite -   Na₂SO₄ sodium sulfate -   NH₃ ammonia -   NH₄Cl ammonium chloride -   NH₄OH ammonium hydroxide -   LG leaving group -   Pd₂dba₃ tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) -   selectFluor N-fluoro-N′-methyl-triethylenediamine     bis(tetrafluoroborate)

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a number of ways known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. The compounds of the present invention can be synthesized using the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or by variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Preferred methods include, but are not limited to, those described below. The reactions are performed in a solvent or solvent mixture appropriate to the reagents and materials employed and suitable for the transformations being effected. It will be understood by those skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the functionality present on the molecule should be consistent with the transformations proposed. This will sometimes require a judgment to modify the order of the synthetic steps or to select one particular process scheme over another in order to obtain a desired compound of the invention.

The novel compounds of this invention may be prepared using the reactions and techniques described in this section. Also, in the description of the synthetic methods described below, it is to be understood that all proposed reaction conditions, including choice of solvent, reaction atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of the experiment and workup procedures, are chosen to be the conditions standard for that reaction, which should be readily recognized by one skilled in the art. Restrictions to the substituents that are compatible with the reaction conditions will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art and alternate methods must then be used.

Synthesis

The compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared by the exemplary processes described in the following schemes and working examples, as well as relevant published literature procedures that are used by one skilled in the art. Exemplary reagents and procedures for these reactions appear hereinafter and in the working examples. Protection and de-protection in the processes below may be carried out by procedures generally known in the art (see, for example, Wuts, P. G. M. and Greene, T. W. Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Edition, Wiley (2007)). General methods of organic synthesis and functional group transformations are found in: Trost, B. M. and Fleming, I., eds., Comprehensive Organic Synthesis: Selectivity, Strategy & Efficiency in Modern Organic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y. (1991); Smith, M. B. and March, J., March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure. 6th Edition, Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y. (2007); Katritzky, A. R. and Taylor, R. J. K., eds., Comprehensive Organic Functional Groups Transformations II, 2nd Edition, Elsevier Science Inc., Tarrytown, N.Y. (2004); Larock, R. C., Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, N.Y. (1999), and references therein.

For example, compounds of Formula (II), where R³═R⁴═H and R⁶═CN, can be made according to Scheme 1. Ketones 1 and 2 and 2-cyanoethyl acetate (3) are heated to between 80° C. and 110° C. with ammonium acetate in a solvent such as DMF or DMSO. Ketones 1 and 2 may be different or the same.

Alternatively, compounds of Formula (II), where R³═R⁴═H, may be made according to Scheme 2. α-Bromoketone 4 is combined with triphenylphosphine in a solvent such as THF, CH₂Cl₂ or 1,4-dioxane at temperatures between room temperature and reflux. The intermediate triphenylphosphonium bromide is treated with base, such as NaOH, in a solvent such as methanol and water to form the phosphorous ylide 5. The phosphorous ylide 5 is heated to 80° C. with ketone 2 in a suitable solvent such as THF or DMSO to give α,β-unsat'd ketone 6, which may exist as a mixture of E/Z isomers. Microwave irradiation may be employed to shorten the reaction time. α,β-Unsat'd ketone 6 is treated with concentrated aq NH₄OH in a solvent such as DMSO in a sealed vessel to provide amine 7. Alternatively, alkene 6 may be treated with NH₃ in a solvent such as DMSO or DMSO and methanol in a sealed vessel to provide amine 7 Amine 7 is couple with carboxylic acid 8 using a variety of amide bond forming reactions. For example, carboxylic acid 8 may be converted to the corresponding acid chloride using oxalyl chloride in a solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ and catalytic DMF. Alternatively, when R⁶ is an amide or a heterocycle, the carboxylic acid 8 may be activated using triphenylphosphine and trichloroacetonitrile in a suitable solvent such as CH₂Cl₂. The acid chlorides thus formed are combined with amine 7 in a suitable solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ or CH₂Cl₂ and DMF in the presence of a base, preferably pyridine. When R² is CF₃, cyclization of amide 9 to a compound of Formula (I) typically occurs during the work-up procedure for amide 9; for example, when an EtOAc solution of amide 9 is washed with sat'd aq NaHCO₃. When cyclization does not occur under these conditions, cyclization may be affected by stirring amide 9 in the presence of a weak base such as piperidine in a suitable solvent such as EtOH at a temperature between room temperature and reflux.

An alternate synthesis to α,β-unsaturated ketone 6, where R¹ is —(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(b)) and m=0, is shown in Scheme 3. Aryl bromide 10 and α,β-unsat'd ester 11 are coupled using palladium (II) acetate, tetrabutylammonium chloride and dicyclohexylamine in DMA at 110° C. α,β-Unsat'd ester 12 is combined with O,N-dimethylhydroxyl-amine 13 in the presence of a strong base such as iso-propylmagnesium bromide in an aprotic solvent such as THF. α,β-Unsat'd amide 14 is combined with aryl magnesium halide 15 to provide α,β-unsat'd ketone 6. The identity of the halide in the aryl magnesium halide is dependent upon availability of the aryl halide used to make the Grignard reagent; typically the halide is chloride or bromide.

Non-commercial α,α,α-trifluoroketones 2, where R²═CF₃, may be made from the corresponding aldehyde 16 as shown in Scheme 4. Aldehyde 16 is reacted with trimethyl-(trifluoromethyl)silane in the presence of a fluoride source, for example cesium fluoride, using a suitable solvent such dimethoxyethane at room temperature. Other fluoride sources, such as potassium hydrogen fluoride or tetrabutylammonium difluorotriphenylsilicate, and other solvents, such as THF or acetonitrile and methanol, may also be employed. Trifluoromethyl alcohol 17 is oxidized using, for example, Dess-Martin periodinane in a suitable solvent such as CH₂Cl₂.

Ketones of formula 2 may be made according to Scheme 5. For example, aryl halide 18, where X=bromine and the aryl group is a suitable chemical moiety to form a Grignard reagent, is combined with magnesium metal in the presence of an initiator such as iodine in a suitable solvent such as THF. Other alkyl halides having a chemical moiety suitable for formation of Grignard reagents, other halides such as chlorine or iodine, other solvents such as diethyl ether or 1,4-dioxane, and other initiators such as 1,2-dibromoethene, may be employed as determined by one skilled in the art. Grignard reagent 19 is combined with amide 20 in a suitable solvent such as THF to provide ketone 2. Other solvents such as 1,4-dioxane or diethyl ether may be employed as determined by one skilled in the art.

Compounds of Formula 23 having R³═R⁴═H, R¹═—(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(b)) where m=0, and at least one R^(b)═—(CH₂)_(n)—(X)_(t)—(CH₂)_(m)—R^(c) where n=m=t=0, or n=m=0 and t=1 when X=0 or NH, and R^(c) is a suitable chemical moiety to participate in palladium cross coupling reactions, may be made according to Scheme 6. Compound 21 is heated with boronic acid 22, where R═H, in the presence of a palladium catalyst and base using a suitable solvent such as 1,4-dioxane, toluene, DMF with or without water. Boronic acid 22 may be substituted with alternative boronic acid analogs such as boronate esters, trifluoroborates, and others known to those skilled in the art. Palladium catalyst commonly employed include, but are not restricted to, Pd(PPh₃)₄ and PdCl₂(dppf). Other palladium catalyst known to those skilled in the art may be employed. Bases commonly employed include, but are not restricted to, K₃PO₄ and K₂CO₃. Other bases known to those skilled in the art may also be employed. When n=m=0 and t=1 when X=0 or NH, biarylethers or biarylamines such as 23 can be obtained from 21 when G=OH. Alternatively, biaryl ethers and amines can also be obtained from 21, when G=boronic acid or equivalent, via metal-catalyzed coupling with suitable phenols or amines

Compounds of Formula 27 having R³═R⁴═H, R¹═—(CH₂)_(m)-(phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^(b)) where m=0, and at least one R^(b)═—(CH₂)_(t)—(X)_(t)—(CH₂)_(m)—R^(c) where n=0, t=1, m=1-4 and X=0, may be made according to Scheme 7. Bromide 24 is treated with tris(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium (0) in the presence of bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)[2′,4′,6′-tris(1-methylethyl)[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl]-phosphine (t-butyl-Xphos) using 1,4-dioxane and water as solvent and KOH as base. Phenol 25 and alcohol 26 were stirred in the presence of triphenylphosphine and DIAD in a suitable solvent such as CH₂Cl₂.

Carboxylic acid 8, where R⁶═CONHR^(c), may be made according to Scheme 8. The mono-ester of malonic acid 28, where PG=benzyl group, and amine 29 are coupled together using standard amide bond forming conditions. For example, treatment of carboxylic acid 28 with oxalyl chloride in CH₂Cl₂ and DMF provides the acid chloride. The acid chloride is then combined with amine 29 in the presence of pyridine in a suitable solvent such as CH₂Cl₂. Other amide bond forming reaction known to those skilled in the art may be employed. The benzyl group is removed using a combination of hydrogen gas and 10% palladium on carbon in a suitable solvent such as methanol or methanol and EtOAc. Other PG moieties and methods for their removal known to those skilled in the art may be employed.

Compounds of Formula (I), where R³ and R⁴ are combined with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a 3-6 membered carbocycle, or R³═R⁴═F, may be made according to Scheme 9. For example, to synthesize compounds for Formula (I) where R³ and R⁴ are combined with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a 3-membered ring (i.e., cyclopropyl), β-ketoester 30 is stirred at room temperature with 1,2-dibromoethane in the presence of a base, for example K₂CO₃, in a suitable solvent such as DMF to provide the cyclopropyl β-ketoester 31. Cyclopropyl β-ketoester 31 is stirred with a suitable amine, such as benzyl amine, in the presence of a suitable Lewis acid, such as TiCl₄, in a solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ starting at 0° C. then warming to room temperature. Other amines, Lewis acids, solvents and temperatures may be used as determined by those skilled in the art. The use of benzylamine provides imine 32, where PG=benzyl. Imine 32 is alkylated with, for example, trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane in the presence of a fluoride source such as potassium hydrogen fluoride and TFA, using acetonitrile and DMF. Other fluoride sources, such as tetrabutylammonium difluorotriphenylsilicate or cesium fluoride, other acids such as HOAc or HCl, and other solvents may be employed as determined by those skilled in the art. Use of trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane provides amino ester 33, where R²═CF₃. Ester hydrolysis of amino ester 33 was done in the presence of lithium iodide in refluxing pyridine to provide amino acid 34. Use of other hydrolysis conditions known to those skilled in the art may be employed. Cyclization of amino acid 34 to β-lactam 35 was affected by activating the carboxylic acid of amino acid 34 with oxalyl chloride in a suitable solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ containing catalytic DMF. The cyclization occurred spontaneously at room temperature to provide β-lactam 35. Other methods for activating the carboxylic acid may be employed as determined by those skilled in the art. β-Lactam 35 is arylated using an organometallic reagent. Organometallic reagents may include, for example, Grignard reagents or organolithium reagents, formed from a suitably substituted phenyl ring containing a halide atom able to react with either elemental magnesium to form a Grignard reagent or with an alkyl lithium reagent to form an phenyl lithium reagent via transmetallation. Exact conditions required to form these phenyl organometallic species must determined by those skilled in the art. A suitable aprotic solvent is used, for example, THF. Other suitable solvents may be employed as determined by those skilled in the art. The reaction is carried out between room temperature and reflux depending upon the identity of the organometallic reagent employed and the substitution pattern on β-lactam 35. The β-amino ketone 37 thus formed is deprotected using hydrogen gas and 10% palladium on carbon in a suitable solvent such as methanol containing 4.4% formic acid to provide β-amino ketone 38. Other conditions to remove the benzyl group may be employed as determined by those skilled in the art. β-Amino ketone 38 is acylated with carboxylic acid 8 using conditions described in Scheme 2 to give the β-keto amide 39. Stirring β-keto amide 39 with a base such as sodium ethoxide in a suitable solvent such as ethanol at room temperature provides compounds having Formula (I).

Compounds of Formula (I), where y is a single bond and R⁵═F may be made according to Scheme 10. This synthesis is exemplified for a compound of Formula (I) where R⁶═CN. Thus, a compound of Formula (I), where x is a single bond and R⁶═CN, was heated to 80° C. in the presence of a fluorinating reagent, 1-fluoro-4-hydroxy-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2,2,2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate), in a suitable solvent such as DMF in the presence of a base such as Na₂CO₃ to provide compounds of Formula (I), where y is a single bond, R⁵═F and R⁶═CN. Other fluorinating reagents, solvents and bases may be employed as determined by one skilled in the art.

Compounds of Formula (I), where x and y are both single bonds and R⁵═H, can be made according to Scheme 11. Reduction of compounds of Formula (I), where x equals a single bond and y equals a double bond, is carried out using a suitable catalyst such as palladium on carbon under an atmosphere of hydrogen gas at suitable pressure, such as 50 psi, to effect reduction of the double bond y to a single bond. Suitable solvents include, but are not restricted to, methanol.

Compounds of Formula (II), single enantiomer, where R³═R⁴═H, can be made according to Scheme 12. Ketone 2 was stirred with 2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide in the presence of a suitable Lewis acid, such as Ti(OEt)₄, in a solvent such as THF at refluxed temperature provides imine 40. Other Lewis acids, solvents and temperatures may be used as determined by those skilled in the art. Imine 40 is alkylated with ketone 1 in the presence of a base, such as LiHMDS, KHMDS, NaHMDS, or LDA in an aprotic solvent such as THF or ether at a temperature ranging from −78° C. to ambient to provide β-amino ketone 41 as a mixture of two diastereomers, which can be separated by silica gel chromatography to give the desired isomer 42. Other metal enolates (such as titanium enolate), solvents, and temperatures may be used as determined by those skilled in the art (T. P. Tang, J. A Ellman, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 12-13, J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 7819-7832). Preferably, chiral S- or R-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide can be optionally used to generate each of the optically pure enantiomers of imine 40 that can allow for chiral induction to prepare diastereomerically enriched ketone 42. In these cases, the product mixture can be further purified by silica gel chromatography to obtain desired products with diaseteromeric excess of >97%. β-amino ketone 42 thus formed is deprotected using HCl in a suitable solvent such as MeOH to provide β-amino ketone 43. Other conditions to remove the t-butylsulfinyl group may be employed as determined by those skilled in the art. β-Amino ketone 43 is acylated with carboxylic acid 8 using conditions described in Scheme 2 to give the β-keto amide 44. Stirring β-keto amide 44 with a base such as sodium ethoxide in a suitable solvent such as ethanol at room temperature provides compounds having Formula (II).

Alternatively, compounds of Formula (II), where R³═R⁴═H, may be made according to Scheme 13. Ketone 2 can be reacted with 2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide in the presence of a suitable Lewis acid, such as Ti(OEt)₄, in a solvent such as THF at a temperature ranging from ambient to reflux to provide imine 45. Other Lewis acids, solvents and temperatures may be used as determined by those skilled in the art. Imine 45 is alkylated with the enolate of an ester in a suitable aprotic solvent such as THF or ether starting at −78° C. then warming to 0° C. or room temperature to provide protected β-amino ketone 46 as a mixture of two diastereomers, which can be separated by silica gel chromatography to give each individual chiral compound. The generation of the ester enolate is achieved by treating the ester, such as methyl acetate, with a suitable base such as LHMDS, KHMDS, NaHMDS, or LDA in an aprotic solvent such as THF or ether at a temperature ranging from −78° C. to ambient. Other metal enolates (such as titanium enolate), solvents, and temperatures may be used as determined by those skilled in the art (T. P. Tang, J. A Ellman, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 12-13, J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 7819-7832). Preferably, chiral S- or R-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide can be optionally used to generate each of the optically pure enantiomers of imine 45 that can allow for chiral induction to prepare diastereomerically enriched ester 46. In these cases, the product mixture can be further purified by silica gel chromatography to obtain desired products with diaseteromeric excess of >97%. The tert-butyl sulfinyl group of 46 is removed using acids such as HCl and TFA in a suitable solvent such as MeOH or dioxane to generate amino ester 47. Other conditions to remove the t-butylsulfinyl group may be employed as determined by those skilled in the art. β-Amino ketone 47 is acylated with carboxylic acid 8 using conditions described in Scheme 2 to give the β-keto amide 48. Stirring β-keto amide 48 with a base such as sodium ethoxide in a suitable solvent such as ethanol at room temperature to 80° C. provides cyclic enol 49. Other conditions can also by used to effect the cyclization as determined by those skilled in the art. Compound 49, when treated with stoichiometric amount of a chlorinating agent, such as POCl₃, at elevated temperature in an inert solvent such as toluene, is converted to mono-chloride 50. Chloride 50 can then react with various boronic reagents through a Suzuki-type of cross coupling reaction to generate compounds of Formula (II). The choices of boronic reagents, catalysts, ligands, bases, solvents and temperatures are well documented in the literature and can be selected appropriately by those skilled in the art.

Compounds of Formula (II), where R³═R⁴═H and R¹═CONHC₄₋₁₈ alkyl or CONH(CH₂)₁₋₈ Ph can be made according to Scheme 14. The phosphorous ylide 5 is heated, using microwave irradiation, to 150° C. with α-ketoester 52 in a suitable solvent such as THF or DMSO to give α,β-unsat'd ketone 53. α,β-Unsat'd ketone 53 is treated with concentrated aq NH₄OH in a solvent such as DMSO in a sealed vessel to provide amine 54. Alternatively, alkene 53 may be treated with NH₃ in a solvent such as DMSO or DMSO and methanol in a sealed vessel to provide amine 54 Amine 54 is couple with carboxylic acid 8 using a variety of amide bond forming reactions. For example, carboxylic acid 8 may be converted to the corresponding acid chloride using oxalyl chloride in a solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ and catalytic DMF. Alternatively, the carboxylic acid 8 may be activated using 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylprop-en-1-amine in a suitable solvent such as CH₂Cl₂. The acid chlorides thus formed are combined with amine 54 in a suitable solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ or CH₂Cl₂ and DMF in the presence of a base, preferably pyridine. Other amide bond forming reaction known to those skilled in the art may be employed. Cyclization of amide 55 and subsequent hydrolysis to a the carboxylic acid 56 typically occurs by stirring amide 55 in the presence of a weak base such as piperidine in a suitable solvent such as EtOH at a temperature between room temperature and reflux or a base such as lithium hydroxide in a suitable solvent such as THF and water at room temperature. Alternatively, when R⁶ is a nitrile, cyclization of amide 55 typically occurs by stirring amide 55 in the presence of a base such as lithium hydroxide in a suitable solvent such as THF and water at room temperature. Hydrolysis is then carried out under acidic conditions using a strong acid such as HCl in a suitable solvent such as acetic acid at temperatures between room temperature and 50° C. Carboxylic acid 56 and an amine are coupled together using standard amide bond forming conditions. For example, treatment of carboxylic acid 56 and an amine with HOBt, EDC and DIEA in the presence of pyridine in a suitable solvent such as DCM at room temperature provides compounds having Formula (II). Other amide bond forming reaction known to those skilled in the art may be employed.

Compounds of formula 60 having R^(e)=alkyl and R⁶=cyano can be synthesized by coupling acid 56 with N, O-dimethylhydroxylamine using typical amide bond forming reactions. For example, carboxylic acid 56 is coupled to N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine using EDC in the presence of base, preferably N-methylmopholine, in a suitable solvent, such as CH₂Cl₂, to provide the Weinreb amide 57. Other amide forming reactions known to those skilled in the art may also be employed. The intermediate Weinreb amide 57 is reacted with ethynylmagnesium bromide in an aprotic solvent such as THF at 0-35° C. to provide the acylacetylide intermediate 58. Compounds of formula 60 are obtained when acylacetylide intermediate 58 is reacted with hydrazine 59 in the presence of a base such as TEA in a suitable solvent such as EtOH.

Compounds of formula 63 having R^(b)=alkyl and R⁶=cyano can be synthesized by first coupling acid 56 with β-ketoamine 61 using typical amide bond forming reactions. For example, carboxylic acid 56 is coupled to α-ketoamine 61 using EDC and HOBt in the presence of base, preferably DIEA, in a suitable solvent, such as CH₂Cl₂, to provide β-ketoamide 62. Other amide forming reactions known to those skilled in the art may also be employed. 5-Alkyl substituted oxazole 63 is then obtained via the dehydrative cyclization of β-ketoamide 62 using a dehydrating agent, preferably POCl₃, in the presence of a suitable base, such as DIEA, in a suitable solvent such as dichloroethane at a temperature of 80-120° C.

IV. Biology

In mammals, there are two triglyceride synthesis pathways: glycerol-3-phosphate pathway and monoacylglycerol pathway. The former is mainly responsible for energy storage in the peripheral tissues such as fat, liver, skeletal muscle; the latter is essential for the dietary fat absorption which takes place in the small intestine. When dietary fat is ingested, pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides into free fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol, which are absorbed by intestinal epithelial enterocytes. Once inside enterocytes, free fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol are used as building blocks to resynthesize triglycerides by two sequential acylation steps; first by MGAT and then by DGAT enzyme reactions. Triglycerides are then incorporated into chylomicrons and secreted into lymph to be utilized as an energy supply for the body.

Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) is a membrane bound acyltransferase that belongs to diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) gene family. It is highly and selectively expressed in the small intestine. Genetic deletion of MGAT2 in mice decreased the rate of absorption for the orally ingested triglycerides, indicating that MGAT2 plays an important role for the intestinal MGAT/DGAT pathway [Yen, C. L. et al, Nat. Med., 15(4):442-446 (2009); Okawa, M. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 390(3):377-381 (2009)]. When chronically challenged with a high fat diet, in contrast to wild type mice that became obese, MGAT2 knockout mice resisted the impact of high-fat feeding and demonstrated with a lower body weight, less adiposity, and less hepatic fat accumulation. In contrast to hyperinsulinemic wild type mice after high-fat challenge, MGAT2 deletion normalizes the insulin level and decreased fasting glucose. In the glucose tolerance test, they also had an improved glucose excursion. Consistent with their improved glycemic profile, MGAT2 knockout mice also had an increased level of GLP1, an incretin gut hormone that profoundly impacts glucose metabolism [Yen, C. L. et al., Nat. Med., 15(4):442-446 (2009)]. Taken together, it is expected that inhibition of MGAT2 through pharmacological intervention would provide the same benefit as demonstrated in the knock-out mice, e.g., resistance to weight gain, or conversely, reduction in fat body mass. In addition, MGAT2 inhibition would lead to an improved insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism which either leads to a decrease in the incidence of Type II diabetes, or a treatment of diabetic condition.

It is also desirable and preferable to find compounds with advantageous and improved characteristics compared with known anti-diabetic agents, in one or more of the following categories that are given as examples, and are not intended to be limiting: (a) pharmacokinetic properties, including oral bioavailability, half life, and clearance; (b) pharmaceutical properties; (c) dosage requirements; (d) factors that decrease blood drug concentration peak-to-trough characteristics; (e) factors that increase the concentration of active drug at the receptor; (f) factors that decrease the liability for clinical drug-drug interactions; (g) factors that decrease the potential for adverse side-effects, including selectivity versus other biological targets; and (h) improved therapeutic index with less propensity for hypoglycemia.

As used herein, the term “patient” encompasses all mammalian species.

As used herein, the term “subject” refers to any human or non-human organism that could potentially benefit from treatment with a MGAT2 inhibitor. Exemplary subjects include human beings of any age with risk factors for metabolic disease. Common risk factors include, but are not limited to, age, sex, weight, family history, or signs of insulin resistance such as acanthosis nigricans, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

As used herein, “treating” or “treatment” cover the treatment of a disease-state in a mammal, particularly in a human, and include: (a) inhibiting the disease-state, i.e., arresting it development; and/or (b) relieving the disease-state, i.e., causing regression of the disease state.

As used herein, “prophylaxis” or “prevention” cover the preventive treatment of a subclinical disease-state in a mammal, particularly in a human, aimed at reducing the probability of the occurrence of a clinical disease-state. Patients are selected for preventative therapy based on factors that are known to increase risk of suffering a clinical disease state compared to the general population. “Prophylaxis” therapies can be divided into (a) primary prevention and (b) secondary prevention. Primary prevention is defined as treatment in a subject that has not yet presented with a clinical disease state, whereas secondary prevention is defined as preventing a second occurrence of the same or similar clinical disease state.

As used herein, “risk reduction” covers therapies that lower the incidence of development of a clinical disease state. As such, primary and secondary prevention therapies are examples of risk reduction.

“Therapeutically effective amount” is intended to include an amount of a compound of the present invention that is effective when administered alone or in combination to inhibit MGAT2 and/or to prevent or treat the disorders listed herein. When applied to a combination, the term refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the preventive or therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially, or simultaneously.

A. Assay Methods

MGAT SPA Assay

MGAT2 enzyme was assayed using membranes isolated from Sf9 cells expressing the recombinant human MGAT2 cDNA with 2-monooleoylglycerol and [³H]-oleoyl-CoA as substrates as described by Seethala et al. [Anal. Biochem., 383(2):144-150 (Dec. 15, 2008)]. Briefly, the assays were conducted in 384-well plates in a total volume of 30 μL at 25° C. In each assay, 200 ng of recombinant human MGAT2 membrane was incubated with 10 μM of 2-monooleoylglycerol and 15 μM of [³H]-oleoyl-CoA in 100 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.4) for 20 min with various concentrations of compounds delivered in DMSO. The assay was terminated by the addition of 20 μl of Stopping Solution (7.5 mg/ml Yittrium Oxide Polylysine beads, 3.3 mg/ml Fraction V BSA and 200 μM Mercuric chloride in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4). The signal was measured 1 h after quenching the reaction using LEADSEEKER^(SM) for 5 minutes. To calculate the degree of inhibition, the zero level of enzyme activity (blank) was defined by the above assay procedure using membrane form Sf9 cell uninfected with baculovirus (Naive) and the 100% level of MGAT2 enzyme activity was defined by human MGAT2 assay with the vehicle DMSO. The IC₅₀s of inhibitors were determined by logistic 4 parameter equation in XL-fit.

MGAT LCMS Assay

The MGAT enzyme reactions were performed in CORNING® Falcon 96-well Polypropylene plates, in a total volume of 60 μL of 50 mM Potassium Phosphate buffer pH 7.4, containing a final concentration of 100 μM 2-oleoylglycerol, 15 μM oleoyl-Coenzyme A and 0.0013 μg/μL Human or Mouse MGAT-2 or 0.0026 μg/μL Rat recombinant MGAT-2 membranes expressed in Sf9 cells. Assay plates were run through a fully automated robotics system and shaken for 5 seconds every minute for a total 10 minutes. The reactions were then quenched with 120 μL of ice cold methanol containing 1 μg/mL 1,2-distearoyl-rac-glycerol as the internal standard. Plates were shaken for 2 minutes and spun down to remove protein precipitation. After the spin, samples were transferred to LC/MS compatible PCR plates. For LC/MS analysis, a ThermoFisher Surveyor pump, utilizing a Waters Symmetry C8, 50×2.1 mm column, was used for the chromatography of enzyme products. The buffer system consists of 0.1% formic acid in water with a mobile phase consisting 0.1% formic acid in methanol. The shallow gradient is 90-100% mobile phase in 0.2 min with a total run time of 2.3 min. The first 0.5 minutes of each injection was diverted to waste to eliminate the presence of Phosphate buffer in the enzymatic reaction. The column was run at 0.6 mL/min and a temperature of 65° C. Mass spectrometry analysis of the samples was performed on a ThermoFisher Quantum Triple quad utilizing APCI (+) as the mode of ionization. Data was acquired in Single Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode analyzing Diolein=m/z 603.6 (PRODUCT) and 1,2-distearoyl-rac-glycerol (IS)=m/z 607.6. The ratio of Diolein to internal standard (Peak Area Ratio) is utilized to calculate IC₅₀ values.

The exemplified Examples disclosed below were tested in the MGAT2 in vitro assays described above and were found having MGAT2 inhibitory activity. Table 1 below lists human MGAT2 IC₅₀ values measured for the following examples. “NT” denotes “Not tested”.

TABLE 1 Example h-MGAT2 IC₅₀ (nM) No. SPA Assay LCMS Assay  1 651 2049  2 85 5  2-1 35 8  2-2 1400 261  3 1804 NT  4 5871 NT  5 309 21  6 15 7  6-1 1435 NT  6-2 14 2  7 818 NT  8 NT 7  9 33330 121  10 2716 138  11 48 13  12 NT 374  13 3333 35  14 NT 2050  15-1 3306 12  15-2 33330 431  15-3 33330 756  15-4 33330 2049  16-1 25 7  16-2 8430 416  17 1931 NT  18 5762 NT  19 2905 NT  20 3456 NT  21 913 NT  22 801 NT  23 1292 NT  24 1731 NT  25 4569 NT  26 6428 NT  27 2519 NT  28 564 NT  29 7602 NT  30 774 NT  31 1510 NT  32 9956 NT  33 167 12  34 656 126  35 5199 13  36 396 57  37 263 15  38 2143 NT  39 401 20  40 2546 164  41 170 15  42 403 77  43 5387 60  44 1458 NT  45 569 NT  46 871 NT  47 756 NT  48 226 7  49 127 64  50 242 95  51 63 13  52 477 99  53 111 3  54 258 20  55 846 20  56 6550 NA  57 412 16  58 275 29  59 53 4  60 441 12  61 709 NT  62 156 24  63 116 28  64 761 280  65 96 3  66 731 265  67 1935 253  68 7523 1282  69 9230 983  70 3404 NA  71 2931 1917  72 3519 214  73 684 15  74 2476 697  75 873 209  76 5073 370  77 89 27  78 151 4  79 1856 45  80 310 5  81 55 4  82 133 2  83 89 1  84 115 2  85 1465 7  86 201 1  87 NT 1215  88 28 5  89 731 20  90 815 18  91 916 2  92 NT 136  93 37 30  94 32 4  95 95 43  96 NT 1431  97 NT 1199  98 154 69  99 NT 795 100 NT 1575 101 379 108 102 NT 1088 103 NT 645 104 NT 103 105 672 24 106 NT 552 107 NT 93 108 NT 189 109 NT 39 110 11 5 111 9 7 112 1297 204 113 158 8 114 NT 704 115 NT 40 116 48 4 117 22 18 118 32 4 119 94 21 120 58 6 121 231 20 122 14 1 123 743 5 124 4264 55 125 NT 282 126 1874 33 127 655 10 128 NT 328 129 NT 222 130 20 1 131 NT 1050 132 NT 163 133 1518 127 134 NT 168 135 NT 778 136 NT 328 137 NT 252 138 NT 5799 140 NT 356 141 NT 459 142 93 10 143 156 4 144 175 16 145 130 25 146 397 25 147 91 14 148 102 9 149 53 6 150 11 3 151 NT 5115 152 NT 252 153 NT 247 154 34 8 155 NT 484 156 NT 254 157 168 84 158 302 75 159 NT 16710 160 NT 5401 161 NT 1261 162 NT 214 163 1176 47 164 NT 162 165 60 8 166 237 102 167 8 2 168 NT 113 169 NT 421 170 NT 210 171 724 57 172 16 3 173 43 63 174 237 60 175 NT 264 176 NT 3 177 NT 399 178 47 78 179 24 2 180 36 30 181 NT 2049 182 NT 2049 183 NT 50 184 NT 76 185 NT 121 186 NT 229 187 NT 4 188 NT 1524 189 NT 1159 190 NT 155 191 NT 797 192 NT 433 193 NT 46 194 NT 6 195 NT 33 196 NT 826 197 NT 178 198 NT 16 199 NT 16 200 NT 37 201 NT 24 202 NT 89 203 NT 59 204 NT 41 205 NT 13 206 NT 78 207 NT 11 208 NT 30 209 NT 37 210 NT 2 211 NT 97 212 NT 416 213 NT 1096 214 NT 12 215 NT 11 216 NT 440 217 NT 118 218 NT 166 219 NT 172 220 NT 13 221 NT 152 222 NT 733 223 NT 112 224 NT 414 225 NT 889 226 NT 206 227 NT 63 228 NT 7 229 NT 25 230 NT 1532 231 NT 34 232 NT 6 233 NT 639 234 NT 40 235 NT 22 236 NT 489 237 NT 130 238 NT 7 239 NT 15 240 NT 7 242 NT 44 243 NT 14 244 NT 61 245 NT 46 246 NT 36 247 NT 51 248 NT 8 249 NT 185 250 NT 243 251 NT 3 252 NT 7 253 NT 411 254 NT 170 255 NT 702 256 NT 22 257 NT 421 258 NT 1147 259 NT 15 260 NT 56 261 NT 1222 262 NT 96 263 NT 103 264 NT 46 265 NT 40 266 NT 10 267 NT 796 268 NT 8 269 NT 171 270 NT 407 271 NT 12 272 NT 112 273 21 10 274 NT 1 275 NT 2 276 NT 2 277 NT 2 278 NT 2 279 NT 2 280 NT 2 281 NT 3 282 NT 3 283 NT 3 284 NT 4 285 NT 4 286 NT 4 287 NT 13 288 NT 19 289 NT 19 290 NT 56 291 NT 178 292 NT 304 293 NT 7 294 NT 84 295 NT 183 296 NT 2 297 NT 639 298 NT 2 299 NT 11 300 NT 11 301 NT 19 302 NT 105 303 NT 28 304 NT 6 305 NT 94 306 NT 3 307 NT 3 308 NT 61 309 NT 1 310 NT 4 311 NT 3 312 NT 21 313 NT 4 314 NT 109

The compounds of the present invention possess activity as inhibitors of MGAT2, and, therefore, may be used in the treatment of diseases associated with MGAT2 activity. Via modulation of MGAT2, the compounds of the present invention may preferably be employed to modulate, either enhance or decrease the production/secretion of insulin and/or gut hormones, such as GLP1, GIP, CCK, PYY, PP, Amylin.

Accordingly, the compounds of the present invention can be administered to mammals, preferably humans, for the treatment of a variety of conditions and disorders, including, but not limited to, treating, preventing, or slowing the progression of diabetes and related conditions, microvascular complications associated with diabetes, macrovascular complications associated with diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, Metabolic Syndrome and its component conditions, inflammatory diseases and other maladies. Consequently, it is believed that the compounds of the present invention may be used in preventing, inhibiting, or treating diabetes, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, gestational diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, wound healing, atherosclerosis and its sequelae (acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, intermittent claudication, myocardial ischemia, stroke, heart failure), Metabolic Syndrome, hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL, high LDL, lipid disorders, PCOS, and glaucoma.

Metabolic Syndrome or “Syndrome X” is described in Ford et al., J. Am. Med. Assoc., 287:356-359 (2002) and Arbeeny et al., Curr. Med. Chem. —Imm., Endoc. & Metab. Agents, 1:1-24 (2001).

V. Pharmaceutical Compositions, Formulations and Combinations

The compounds of this invention can be administered for any of the uses described herein by any suitable means, for example, orally, such as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, suspensions (including nanosuspensions, microsuspensions, spray-dried dispersions), syrups, and emulsions; sublingually; bucally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection, or infusion techniques (e.g., as sterile injectable aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions); nasally, including administration to the nasal membranes, such as by inhalation spray; topically, such as in the form of a cream or ointment; or rectally such as in the form of suppositories. They can be administered alone, but generally will be administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.

The term “pharmaceutical composition” means a composition comprising a compound of the invention in combination with at least one additional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to media generally accepted in the art for the delivery of biologically active agents to animals, in particular, mammals, including, i.e., adjuvant, excipient or vehicle, such as diluents, preserving agents, fillers, flow regulating agents, disintegrating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, perfuming agents, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, lubricating agents and dispensing agents, depending on the nature of the mode of administration and dosage forms.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are formulated according to a number of factors well within the purview of those of ordinary skill in the art. These include, without limitation: the type and nature of the active agent being formulated; the subject to which the agent-containing composition is to be administered; the intended route of administration of the composition; and the therapeutic indication being targeted. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include both aqueous and non-aqueous liquid media, as well as a variety of solid and semi-solid dosage forms. Such carriers can include a number of different ingredients and additives in addition to the active agent, such additional ingredients being included in the formulation for a variety of reasons, e.g., stabilization of the active agent, binders, etc., well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Descriptions of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and factors involved in their selection, are found in a variety of readily available sources such as, for example, Allen, L. V. Jr. et al. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (2 Volumes), 22nd Edition (2012), Pharmaceutical Press.

The dosage regimen for the compounds of the present invention will, of course, vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration; the species, age, sex, health, medical condition, and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; the route of administration, the renal and hepatic function of the patient, and the effect desired.

By way of general guidance, the daily oral dosage of each active ingredient, when used for the indicated effects, will range between about 0.001 to about 5000 mg per day, preferably between about 0.01 to about 1000 mg per day, and most preferably between about 0.1 to about 250 mg per day. Intravenously, the most preferred doses will range from about 0.01 to about 10 mg/kg/minute during a constant rate infusion. Compounds of this invention may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three, or four times daily.

The compounds are typically administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients, or carriers (collectively referred to herein as pharmaceutical carriers) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, e.g., oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, and syrups, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.

Dosage forms (pharmaceutical compositions) suitable for administration may contain from about 1 milligram to about 2000 milligrams of active ingredient per dosage unit. In these pharmaceutical compositions the active ingredient will ordinarily be present in an amount of about 0.1-95% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.

A typical capsule for oral administration contains at least one of the compounds of the present invention (250 mg), lactose (75 mg), and magnesium stearate (15 mg). The mixture is passed through a 60 mesh sieve and packed into a No. 1 gelatin capsule.

A typical injectable preparation is produced by aseptically placing at least one of the compounds of the present invention (250 mg) into a vial, aseptically freeze-drying and sealing. For use, the contents of the vial are mixed with 2 mL of physiological saline, to produce an injectable preparation.

The present invention includes within its scope pharmaceutical compositions comprising, as an active ingredient, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention, alone or in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier. Optionally, compounds of the present invention can be used alone, in combination with other compounds of the invention, or in combination with one or more other therapeutic agent(s), e.g., an antidiabetic agent or other pharmaceutically active material.

The compounds of the present invention may be employed in combination with other MGAT2 inhibitors or one or more other suitable therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders including: anti-diabetic agents, antihyperglycemic agents, anti-hyperinsulinemic agents, anti-retinopathic agents, anti-neuropathic agents, anti-nephropathic agents, anti-atherosclerotic agents, anti-ischemic agents, anti-hypertensive agents, anti-obesity agents, anti-dyslipidemic agents, anti-dyslipidemic agents, anti-hyperlipidemic agents, anti-hypertriglyceridemic agents, anti-hypercholesterolemic agents, anti-restenotic agents, anti-pancreatic agents, lipid lowering agents, anorectic agents, memory enhancing agents, anti-dementia agents, or cognition promoting agents, appetite suppressants, treatments for heart failure, treatments for peripheral arterial disease and anti-inflammatory agents.

Where desired, the compound of the present invention may be used in combination with one or more other types of antidiabetic agents and/or one or more other types of therapeutic agents which may be administered orally in the same dosage form, in a separate oral dosage form or by injection. The other type of antidiabetic agent that may be optionally employed in combination with the MGAT2 inhibitor of the present invention may be one, two, three or more antidiabetic agents or antihyperglycemic agents which may be administered orally in the same dosage form, in a separate oral dosage form, or by injection to produce an additional pharmacological benefit.

The antidiabetic agents used in the combination with the compound of the present invention include, but are not limited to, insulin secretagogues or insulin sensitizers, other MGAT2 inhibitors, or other antidiabetic agents. These agents include, but are not limited to, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP4) inhibitors (for example, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, alogliptin, vildagliptin and the like), biguanides (for example, metformin, phenformin and the like), sulfonyl ureas (for example, glyburide, glimepiride, glipizide and the like), glucosidase inhibitors (for example, acarbose, miglitol, and the like), PPARγ agonists such as thiazolidinediones (for example, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and the like), PPAR α/γ dual agonists (for example, muraglitazar, tesaglitazar, aleglitazar, and the like), glucokinase activators (as described in Fyfe, M. C. T. et al., Drugs of the Future, 34(8):641-653 (2009) and incorporated herein by reference), GPR40 receptor modulators, GPR119 receptor modulators (MBX-2952, PSN821, APD597 and the like), SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, remagliflozin and the like), amylin analogs such as pramlintide, and/or insulin. Reviews of current and emerging therapies for the treatment of diabetes can be found in: Mohler, M. L. et al., Medicinal Research Reviews, 29(1):125-195 (2009), and Mizuno, C. S. et al., Current Medicinal Chemistry, 15:61-74 (2008).

The compounds of the present invention may also be optionally employed in combination with agents for treating complication of diabetes. These agents include PKC inhibitors and/or AGE inhibitors.

The compounds of the present invention may also be optionally employed in combination with one or more hypophagic agents such as diethylpropion, phendimetrazine, phentermine, orlistat, sibutramine, lorcaserin, pramlintide, topiramate, MCHR1 receptor antagonists, oxyntomodulin, naltrexone, Amylin peptide, NPY Y5 receptor modulators, NPY Y2 receptor modulators, NPY Y4 receptor modulators, cetilistat, 5HT2c receptor modulators, and the like. The compound of structure I may also be employed in combination with an agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1 R), such as exenatide, liraglutide, GPR-1(1-36) amide, GLP-1(7-36) amide, GLP-1(7-37) (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,492 to Habener, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference), which may be administered via injection, intranasal, or by transdermal or buccal devices. Reviews of current and emerging therapies for the treatment of obesity can be found in: Melnikova, I. et al., Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 5:369-370 (2006); Jones, D., Nature Reviews: Drug Discovery, 8:833-834 (2009); Obici, S., Endocrinology, 150(6):2512-2517 (2009); and Elangbam, C. S., Vet. Pathol., 46(1):10-24 (2009).

The compounds of the present invention may also be optionally employed in combination with one or more other types of therapeutic agents, such as DGAT inhibitors, LDL lowering drugs such as statins (inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase) or inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, modulators of PCSK9, drugs increase HDL such as CETP inhibitors.

The above other therapeutic agents, when employed in combination with the compounds of the present invention may be used, for example, in those amounts indicated in the Physicians' Desk Reference, as in the patents set out above, or as otherwise determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Particularly when provided as a single dosage unit, the potential exists for a chemical interaction between the combined active ingredients. For this reason, when the compound of the present invention and a second therapeutic agent are combined in a single dosage unit they are formulated such that although the active ingredients are combined in a single dosage unit, the physical contact between the active ingredients is minimized (that is, reduced). For example, one active ingredient may be enteric coated. By enteric coating one of the active ingredients, it is possible not only to minimize the contact between the combined active ingredients, but also, it is possible to control the release of one of these components in the gastrointestinal tract such that one of these components is not released in the stomach but rather is released in the intestines. One of the active ingredients may also be coated with a material that affects a sustained-release throughout the gastrointestinal tract and also serves to minimize physical contact between the combined active ingredients. Furthermore, the sustained-released component can be additionally enteric coated such that the release of this component occurs only in the intestine. Still another approach would involve the formulation of a combination product in which the one component is coated with a sustained and/or enteric release polymer, and the other component is also coated with a polymer such as a low viscosity grade of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or other appropriate materials as known in the art, in order to further separate the active components. The polymer coating serves to form an additional barrier to interaction with the other component.

These as well as other ways of minimizing contact between the components of combination products of the present invention, whether administered in a single dosage form or administered in separate forms but at the same time by the same manner, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, once armed with the present disclosure.

The compounds of the present invention can be administered alone or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents. By “administered in combination” or “combination therapy” it is meant that the compound of the present invention and one or more additional therapeutic agents are administered concurrently to the mammal being treated. When administered in combination, each component may be administered at the same time or sequentially in any order at different points in time. Thus, each component may be administered separately but sufficiently closely in time so as to provide the desired therapeutic effect.

The compounds of the present invention are also useful as standard or reference compounds, for example as a quality standard or control, in tests or assays involving the MGAT2 enzyme. Such compounds may be provided in a commercial kit, for example, for use in pharmaceutical research involving MGAT2 or anti-diabetic activity. For example, a compound of the present invention could be used as a reference in an assay to compare its known activity to a compound with an unknown activity. This would ensure the experimentor that the assay was being performed properly and provide a basis for comparison, especially if the test compound was a derivative of the reference compound. When developing new assays or protocols, compounds according to the present invention could be used to test their effectiveness.

The compounds of the present invention may also be used in diagnostic assays involving MGAT2.

The present invention also encompasses an article of manufacture. As used herein, article of manufacture is intended to include, but not be limited to, kits and packages. The article of manufacture of the present invention, comprises: (a) a first container; (b) a pharmaceutical composition located within the first container, wherein the composition, comprises: a first therapeutic agent, comprising: a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof; and, (c) a package insert stating that the pharmaceutical composition can be used for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of multiple diseases or disorders associated with MGAT2 (as defined previously). In another embodiment, the package insert states that the pharmaceutical composition can be used in combination (as defined previously) with a second therapeutic agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of multiple diseases or disorders associated with MGAT2. The article of manufacture can further comprise: (d) a second container, wherein components (a) and (b) are located within the second container and component (c) is located within or outside of the second container. Located within the first and second containers means that the respective container holds the item within its boundaries.

The first container is a receptacle used to hold a pharmaceutical composition. This container can be for manufacturing, storing, shipping, and/or individual/bulk selling. First container is intended to cover a bottle, jar, vial, flask, syringe, tube (e.g., for a cream preparation), or any other container used to manufacture, hold, store, or distribute a pharmaceutical product.

The second container is one used to hold the first container and, optionally, the package insert. Examples of the second container include, but are not limited to, boxes (e.g., cardboard or plastic), crates, cartons, bags (e.g., paper or plastic bags), pouches, and sacks. The package insert can be physically attached to the outside of the first container via tape, glue, staple, or another method of attachment, or it can rest inside the second container without any physical means of attachment to the first container. Alternatively, the package insert is located on the outside of the second container. When located on the outside of the second container, it is preferable that the package insert is physically attached via tape, glue, staple, or another method of attachment. Alternatively, it can be adjacent to or touching the outside of the second container without being physically attached.

The package insert is a label, tag, marker, etc. that recites information relating to the pharmaceutical composition located within the first container. The information recited will usually be determined by the regulatory agency governing the area in which the article of manufacture is to be sold (e.g., the United States Food and Drug Administration). Preferably, the package insert specifically recites the indications for which the pharmaceutical composition has been approved. The package insert may be made of any material on which a person can read information contained therein or thereon. Preferably, the package insert is a printable material (e.g., paper, plastic, cardboard, foil, adhesive-backed paper or plastic, etc.) on which the desired information has been formed (e.g., printed or applied).

Other features of the invention will become apparent in the course of the following descriptions of exemplary embodiments that are given for illustration of the invention and are not intended to be limiting thereof.

VI. Examples

The following Examples are offered as illustrative, as a partial scope and particular embodiments of the invention and are not meant to be limiting of the scope of the invention. Abbreviations and chemical symbols have their usual and customary meanings unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise indicated, the compounds described herein have been prepared, isolated and characterized using the schemes and other methods disclosed herein or may be prepared using the same.

HPLC/MS, Preparatory/Analytical HPLC, and Chiral Separation Methods Employed in Characterization or Purification of Examples

Analytical HPLC/MS (unless otherwise noted) was performed on Shimadzu SCL-10A liquid chromatographs and Waters MICROMASS® ZQ Mass Spectrometers (Desolvation Gas: Nitrogen; Desolvation Temp. 250° C.; Ion Source Temp: 120° C.; Positive Electrospray conditions) using the following methods:

-   -   Linear Gradient of 0% to 100% solvent B over 2 min, with 1         minute hold at 100% B, or     -   Linear Gradient of 0% to 100% solvent B over 4 min, with 1         minute hold at 100% B;     -   UV visualization at 220 nm;     -   Column: PHENOMENEX® Luna C18 (2) 30 mm×4.6 mm; 5μ particle         (heated to Temp. 40° C.);     -   Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min (2 min gradient) or 0.8 ml/min (4 min         gradient);     -   Solvent A: 10% ACN, 90% water, 0.1% TFA; or, 10% MeOH, 90%         water, 0.1% TFA and     -   Solvent B: 90% ACN, 10% water, 0.1% TFA; or, 90% MeOH, 10%         water, 0.1% TFA.

Preparatory HPLC (unless otherwise noted) was performed on a Shimadzu SCL-10A liquid chromatograph with a linear gradient of 20-100% Solvent B over 10 to 30 min, with either a 2 to 5 min hold at 100% Solvent B as determined by on skilled in the art;

-   -   UV visualization at 220 nm;     -   Column: PHENOMENEX® Luna Axia 5μ C18 30×100 mm;     -   Flow rate: 20 mL/min;     -   Solvent A: 10% ACN, 90% water, 0.1% TFA; or 10% MeOH, 90% water,         0.1% TFA; and     -   Solvent B: 90% ACN, 10% water, 0.1% TFA; or 90% MeOH, 10% water,         0.1% TFA.

Preparatory chiral SFC chromatography (unless otherwise noted) was performed on a Berger Multigram II SFC chromatograph using one of the following methods:

-   -   Preparative chiral SFC method A:     -   Column: CHIRALCEL® OD-H, 30×250 mm ID, 5μ     -   Flow rate: 90 mL/min, 100 bar BP, 40° C.     -   Mobile Phase: 15% Methanol/85% CO₂     -   Detector Wavelength: 254 nm     -   Injection Vol and Sample Solution: 0.5 mL of 4.65 g in 35 mL         Methanol (133 mg/mL)     -   Preparative chiral SFC method B:     -   Instrument: Berger SFC MGII (HPW-2501)     -   Column: CHIRALPAK® IA 25×3 cm ID, 5 μm     -   Flow rate: 85.0 mL/min     -   Mobile Phase: 85/15/0.1, CO₂/IPA/DEA, 150 bar     -   Detector Wavelength: 225 nm (Lamda max)     -   Sample Prep and Inj. Volume: 300 μL of ˜13 mg/0.5 mL IPA (˜26         mg/mL) Preparative chiral SFC method C     -   Column: CHIRALPAK® IA 25×3 cm ID, 5 μm     -   Flow rate: 90 mL/min     -   Mobile Phase: 85/15/0.1, CO₂/MeOH/DEA, 150 bar     -   Detector Wavelength: 270 nm (Lambda max)     -   Sample Prep and Inj. Volume: 300 μL of ˜90 mg/2 mL MeOH (˜45         mg/mL)     -   Preparative chiral SFC method D     -   Flow rate: 40 mL/min, 100 Bar, 35° C.     -   Mobile Phase: 20% Methanol/80% CO₂     -   Detector Wavelength: 224 nm (Lambda max)     -   Injection Volume: 300 μL     -   Sample Preparation: 10 mg dissolved in 0.5 mL MeCN (20 mg/mL);         -   17 mg dissolved in 0.5 mL MeCN (34 mg/mL)

Analytical chiral SFC chromatography (unless otherwise noted) was performed on an Aurora Analytical SFC or Berger Analytical SFC using one of the following methods:

-   -   Analytical chiral SFC method A:     -   Column: CHIRALCEL® OD-H, 4.6×250 mm ID, 5 μm     -   Flow rate: 3.0 mL/min, 100 bar BP, 35° C.     -   Mobile Phase: 15% Methanol/85% CO₂     -   Detector Wavelength: 220 nm     -   Sample Solution: 1 mg/mL in methanol         (concentrated/reconstituted)     -   Injection Volume: 10 μL     -   Analytical chiral SFC method B:     -   Column: CHIRALPAK® IA 250×4 6 mm ID, 5 μm     -   Flow rate: 2.0 mL/min     -   Mobile Phase: 85/15/0.1, CO₂/IPA/DEA, 150 bar     -   Detector Wavelength: 225 nm (Lamda max)     -   Injection Volume: 10 μL     -   Analytical chiral SFC method C:     -   Column: CHIRALPAK® IA 250×4 6 mm ID, 5 μm     -   Flow rate: 3.0 mL/min     -   Mobile Phase: 65/35/0.1, CO₂/MeOH/DEA, 150 bar     -   Detector Wavelength: 270 nm (Lambda max)     -   Injection Volume: 10 μL     -   Analytical chiral SFC method D:     -   Column: CHIRALCEL® OD, 250×4 6 mm ID, 10 μm     -   Flow rate: 2.0 mL/min, 100 bar, 35° C.     -   Mobile Phase: 20% Methanol/80% CO₂     -   Detector Wavelength: 223 nm     -   Injection Volume: 10 μL

NMR Employed in Characterization of Examples

¹H NMR spectra (unless otherwise noted) were obtained with JEOL or Bruker FOURIER® transform spectrometers operating at 400 MHz or 500 MHz. ¹H-nOe experiments were performed in some cases for regiochemistry elucidation with a 400 MHz Bruker FOURIER® Transform spectrometer.

Spectral data are reported as chemical shift (multiplicity, number of hydrogens, coupling constants in Hz) and are reported in ppm (δ units) relative to either an internal standard (tetramethyl silane=0 ppm) for ¹H NMR spectra, or are referenced to the residual solvent peak (2.49 ppm for CD₃SOCD₂H, 3.30 ppm for CD₂HOD, 1.94 for CHD₂CN, 7.26 ppm for CHCl₃, 5.32 ppm for CDHCl₂).

Microwave Instrumentation Employed in Heating Reactions.

BIOTAGE® Initiator 2.5, maximum power 400 W, reaction volume range 0.2-10 mL. Reactions are run in sealed pressure vessels specially manufactured for this instrument.

Example 1 6-Methyl-2-oxo-6-phenyl-4-p-tolyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

A solution of heptan-2-one (51 mg, 0.45 mmol), 1-p-tolylethanone (60 mg, 0.45 mmol), ethyl-2-cyanoacetate (51 mg, 0.45 mmol) and ammonium acetate (42 mg, 0.55 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (0.6 mL) was heated with stirring at 100° C. for 16 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with water. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the product was purified by preparative HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to provide the desired product (8 mg, 6%) as a white solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₉H₂₄N₂O 297.41. found [M+H] 297.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.89 (t, J=6.87 Hz, 3H), 1.24-1.40 (m, 9H), 1.51-1.71 (m, 2H) 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.73-2.97 (m, 2H), 6.09 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=7.70 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=7.70 Hz, 2H).

Example 2 3-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one

Intermediate 2A 4-(4,4,4-Trifluorobutoxy)benzaldehyde

To a solution of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (20 g, 164 mmol) and 4,4,4-trifluorobutan-1-ol (25 g, 195 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (500 mL) at 0° C. under Ar was added a solution of PPh₃ (51.5 g, 196 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) over 15 min, and then DIAD (36.4 g, 180 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h. The reaction was warmed to rt and stirred for another 3 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was triturated with CH₂Cl₂ three times to remove insoluble solids. The combined CH₂Cl₂ washings were concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (330 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide Intermediate 2A (27 g, 71%) as a light brown oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₁H₁₁F₃O₂ 232.20. found [M+H] 233.0.

Intermediate 2B 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)ethanol

To the solution of Intermediate 2A (26.7 g, 114 mmol) and trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (16.9 g, 119 mmol) in anhydrous DME (112 mL) was added CsF (500 mg, 3.29 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. To the mixture was added 4 N aq HCl (114 mL) and the reaction was stirred at rt for 2.5 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc (300 mL) and washed with water, sat'd aq NaHCO₃, sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide Intermediate 2B (42.5 g, 122%) as an oil. The crude product was used without further purification. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₂H₁₂F₆O₂ 302.21. found [M−H] 301.2.

Intermediate 2C 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)ethanone

To a solution of Intermediate 2B (115 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (320 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (50.2 g, 118 mmol) portionwise at 0° C. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h then at rt for 3 h. To the reaction was added 100 mL of sat'd aq Na₂CO₃ and 250 mL of EtOAc. The reaction was stirred for another 2 h. The insoluble material was removed by filtration. The layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with sat'd aq Na₂CO₃. Additional solids that formed upon standing overnight were removed. The organic solution was washed with sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide a dark brown liquid, which was purified by silica gel chromatography (220 g silica gel, elute with EtOAc in hexanes to provide Intermediate 2C (26 g, 76%) as a colorless oil.

Intermediate 2D Triphenylphosphonium p-tolylcarbonylylide

To a refluxing solution of PPh₃ (6.15 g, 23.47 mmol) in anhydrous THF (220 mL) under argon was added dropwise a solution of 2-bromo-1-p-tolylethanone (5 g, 23.47 mmol) in THF (60 mL). The reaction was refluxed for 2.5 h and then cooled to rt. The precipitate was collected by filtration and rinsed with diethyl ether. The solids were suspended in 1:1 MeOH and H₂O (500 mL), and then 2 N aq NaOH (55 mL) was added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. MeOH was removed in vacuo and the aq solution was extracted with CHCl₃. The combined organic extracts were washed with sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide Intermediate 2D (9 g, 97%) as a white solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₇H₂₃OP 394.44. found [M+H] 395.2.

Intermediate 2E (Z)-4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-p-tolyl-3-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)but-2-en-1-one

Intermediate 2D (5.13 g, 13 mmol) and Intermediate 2C (3.90 g, 13 mmol) were suspended in DMSO (15 mL). The reaction was heated to 160° C. for 1000 s under microwave conditions. The reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with EtOAc (60 mL). The mixture was washed with water and sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (120 g silica gel, elute with EtOAc in hexanes to provide Intermediate 2E (5.9 g, 98%) as a light brown oil.

Intermediate 2F, Isomer 1 (R)-β-Amino-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-p-tolyl-3-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-butan-1-one

Intermediate 2F, Isomer 2 (S)-3-Amino-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-p-tolyl-3-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-butan-1-one

To a solution of Intermediate 2E (2.1 g, 5.04 mmol) in DMSO (50 mL) was added 15 N aq NH₄OH (25 mL). The mixture was stirred in sealed pressure vessel for 2 days. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc (60 mL), washed with water and sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography column (eluted with EtOAc in hexanes to provide racemic Intermediate 2F (2.2 g, 101%) as a white solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₁H₂₁F₆NO₂ 433.39. found [M+H] 434.2. Separation of the individual enantiomers of Intermediate 2F was carried out using preparative chiral SFC method A: Racemic Intermediate 2F (2200 mg) provided Intermediate 2F, isomer 1 (817 mg) and Intermediate 2F, isomer 2 (790 mg). Enantiomeric purity determination of Intermediate 2F, isomer 1 and 2 was carried out using analytical SFC method A. Intermediate 2F, isomer 1: RT=2.2 min, 99% ee. Intermediate 2F, isomer 2: RT=2.8 min, 99% ee. X-ray crystal data collected for the camphorsulfonic acid salt of Intermediate 2F, isomer 1 showed the chiral center to have the R-configuration; therefore, the chiral center for Intermediate 2F, isomer 2 has the S-configuration.

Intermediate 2G 2-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-N-(1,1,1-trifluoro-4-oxo-4-p-tolyl-2-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)-phenyl)butan-2-yl)acetamide

To a solution of Intermediate 2F (789 mg, 1.82 mmol) in anhydrous THF (9 ml) at 0° C. was added DCC (1.13 g, 5.46 mmol). 2-Tetrazole acetic acid (700 mg, 5.46 mmol) was added dropwise as a suspension in anhydrous THF (8 mL). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then at rt overnight. The reaction was filtered and solids were rinsed with THF. The filtrate was diluted with EtOAc (40 mL), washed with sat'd Na₂CO₃ and sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide Intermediate 2G (1.5 g, 152%) as a reddish brown solid. Intermediate 2G was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₄H₂₃F₆N₅O₃ 543.46. found [M+H] 543.9.

Example 2

To a solution of Intermediate 2G (1.5 g) in EtOH (11 mL) was added piperidine (0.33 mL). The reaction was heated to 78° C. for 16 h in a sealed vial. The reaction was cooled to rt and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA). Fractions containing the product were dried in vacuo and the product was re-dissolved in MeOH and concentrated again. The oily brown product was re-dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and concentrated in vacuo to provide Example 2 (552 mg, 57% over 2 steps) as a reddish foam. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₄H₂₁F₆N₅O₂ 525.45. found [M+H] 526.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.61 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.07-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.90 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.84-3.64 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.14-2.00 (m, 2H).

Example 2-1 (S)-3-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one

Separation of the individual enantiomers of Example 2 was carried out using preparative chiral SFC method C: Racemic Example 2 (89 mg) provided Example 2-1 (21 mg). Enantiomeric purity determination of Example 2-1 was carried out using analytical SFC method C. RT=6.0 min, 99% ee.

Example 2-1 can be alternatively obtained from Intermediate 2F, isomer 2 using a sequence similar to one used for the conversion of Intermediate 2F to Example 2.

Example 2-2 (R)-3-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one

Separation of the individual enantiomers of Example 2 was carried out using preparative chiral SFC method C: Racemic Example 2 (89 mg) provided Example 2-2 (22 mg). Enantiomeric purity determination of Example 2-2 was carried out using analytical SFC method C. RT=15.1 min, 99% ee.

Example 2-2 can be alternatively obtained from Intermediate 2F, isomer 1 using a sequence similar to one used for the conversion of Intermediate 2F to Example 2.

Example 3 6-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

Intermediate 3A (Z)-3-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-p-tolylbut-2-en-1-one

Intermediate 2D (1.84 g, 4.74 mmol) and 1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone (1.2 g, 4.74 mmol) were dissolved in THF (8 mL) and heated to 150° C. for 1000 s under microwave conditions. The reaction was cooled to rt and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (24 g silica gel, elute with EtOAc in hexanes) to yield Intermediate 3A (1.51 g, 86%) as a light brown solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₇H₁₂BrF₃O 369.18. found [M+H] 371.0.

Intermediate 3B β-Amino-3-(4-bromophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-p-tolylbutan-1-one

To a solution of Intermediate 3A (1.53 g, 4.14 mmol) in DMSO (23 mL) was added 15 N aq NH₄OH (10 mL). The reaction vessel was sealed and the reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. Additional DMSO (3 mL) and 15 N aq NH₄OH (1 mL) were added and the reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. Addition of DMSO (4 mL) was repeated and the reaction was stirred for another 16 h. The solution was concentrated in vacuo followed by lyophilization to provide Intermediate 3B (1.8 g, 100%) as a brown oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₇H₁₅BrF₃NO 386.21. found [M+H] 388.1.

Intermediate 3C 2-Cyanoacetyl chloride

To a mixture of 2-cyanoacetic acid (893 mg, 10.5 mmol) and DMF (16 μL) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) at 0 C was added dropwise a 2 M solution of oxalyl chloride (6 mL, 12 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min, and then warmed to rt and stirred for 2 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo to provide Intermediate 3C, which was used in the next reaction without purification.

Example 3

To a solution of Intermediate 3B (1.6 g, 4.1 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of Intermediate 3C (1.1 g, 10.5 mmol), pyridine (0.85 mL), and DMAP (20 mg) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min, then at rt for 2.5 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was dissolved in EtOAc (30 mL), washed with sat'd aq Na₂CO₃ and sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to yield a brown solid. The solid was triturated with CH₂Cl₂/diethyl ether to provide Example 3 (1.27 g) as an off white solid. The supernatant was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide a second batch of Example 3 (0.22 g). The combined yield was 1.49 g (80%). LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C20H₁₄BrF₃N₂O 435.24. found [M+H] 437.0. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.42 (s, 3H), 3.45-3.67 (m, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=7.70 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.70 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H).

Example 4 6-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

Example 3 (1.49 g, 3.42 mmol), Pd₂dba₃ (78 mg, 0.086 mmol), KOH (403 mg, 7.2 mmol) and bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)[2′,4′,6′-tris(1-methylethyl)[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl]-phosphine (73 mg, 0.17 mmol) were placed in a microwave vial. The vial was evacuated and back filled with Ar. 1,4-Dioxane (23 mL) and water (13 mL) were added to the vial and the reaction mixture was heated to 140° C. for 15 min under microwave conditions. The reaction was cooled to rt, neutralized with 1 N HCl, diluted with water, and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with water and sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to provide Example 4 (1.14 g, 85%) as a light brown solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₀H₁₅F₃N₂O₂ 372.34. found [M+H] 373.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 2.30 (s, 3H), 3.65 (q, J=18.15 Hz, 2H), 6.73 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 9.63 (s, 1H), 9.70 (s, 1H).

Example 5 6-(4-Butoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

To a solution of Example 4 (20 mg, 0.054 mmol) and n-butanol (6 mg, 0.081 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (0.3 mL) under Ar was added sequentially triphenylphosphine (21 mg, 0.081 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.3 mL) and DEAD (14 mg, 0.081 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. under argon for 20 min, then at rt for 2 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the product was purified by preparative HPLC (CH₃CN/H₂O/TFA) to provide Example 5 (5.6 mg, 24%). LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₄H₂₃F₃N₂O₂ 428.45. found [M+H] 429.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.98 (t, J=7.42 Hz, 3H), 1.41-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.84 (m, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 3.56 (q, J=18.15 Hz, 2H), 3.92-4.03 (m, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 3H), 7.29 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.70 Hz, 2H).

Example 6 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoro-methyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxamide

Intermediate 6A Benzyl 3-(4-(methylamino)phenylamino)-3-oxopropanoate

To a solution of monobenzyl malonate (12.2 g, 63.1 mmol) and DMF (90 μL) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) at 0° C. was added 2 M oxalyl chloride (35 mL, 70 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then at rt for 2.5 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo to provide freshly prepared acid chloride. This was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) and added dropwise to a solution of 4-methoxyaniline (7.76 g, 63 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) at 0° C. followed by the addition of pyridine (5.35 mL, 66.2 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h, then at rt overnight. The reaction was washed with water and sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was triturated with EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ to yield the first batch of Intermediate 6A as a light brown solid (6.95 g). The supernatant was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide a second batch of Intermediate 6A as a light brown solid (7.4 g). The combined yield was 14.4 g (76%). LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₇H₁₈N₂O₃ 298.34. found [M+H] 300.2.

Intermediate 6B 3-(4-Methoxyphenylamino)-3-oxopropanoic acid

To a solution of Intermediate 6A (14.4 g, 4.8 mmol) in 10:1 EtOAc/MeOH (220 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (250 mg). The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously under an atmosphere of hydrogen (40 psi) for 2 h. More 10% Pd/C (250 mg) was added and the reaction was stirred under 50 psi hydrogen for another 1 h. Additional 10% Pd/C (500 mg) was added and the reaction was stirred under 50 psi hydrogen for an additional 1 h. The reaction was filtered through a pad of Celite® and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to yield Intermediate 6B (11.1 g, 96%) as an off-white solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₀H₁₁NO₄ 209.20. found [M+H] 210.1.

Intermediate 6C N¹-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-N³-(1,1,1-trifluoro-4-oxo-4-p-tolyl-2-(4-(4,4,4-trifluoro-butoxy)phenyl)-butan-2-yl)malonamide

To triphenylphosphine (8.42 g, 32.1 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (70 mL) was added Intermediate 6B (2.24 g, 10.7 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) followed by trichloroacetonitrile (1.86 g, 12.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h. The freshly prepared acid chloride was added to a solution of Intermediate 2F (1.13 g, 2.61 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL), followed by the addition of pyridine (1.04 mL, 1.02 g, 12.85 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt under argon overnight. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and MeOH (40 mL) was added. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min, then at rt for 30 min. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (120 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes). Product and triphenylphosphine oxide co-eluted. Fractions containing both were combined and evaporated to dryness. The solids were triturated with hexanes/EtOAc to remove most of the triphenylphosphine oxide. The product was again purified by silica gel chromatography (40 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide Intermediate 6C (1.03 g, 63%) as a brown oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₃₁H₃₀F₆N₂O₅ 624.57. found [M+H] 625.3.

Example 6

To a solution of Intermediate 6C (1.03 g, 1.65 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added piperidine (100 μL, 1.01 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 75° C. for 1 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (120 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes). Mixed fractions from the first column were purified again by silica gel chromatography (40 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide Example 6 (546 mg, 55%) as a off-white solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₃₁H₂₈F₆N₂O₄ 606.56. found [M+H] 607.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.97-2.08 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.32-2.44 (m, 2H), 3.45-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 4.06 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 6.77 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.13-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.28 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H).

Example 6-1 (R)—N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoro-methyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxamide

Example 6-1 was prepared using a procedure analogous to Example 6 by replacing Intermediate 2F with Intermediate 2F, isomer 1.

Example 6-2 (S)—N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoro-methyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxamide

Example 6-2 was prepared using a procedure analogous to Example 6 by replacing Intermediate 2F with Intermediate 2F, isomer 2.

Example 7 6-(4-(6-Ethoxypyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

To a solution of Example 3 (20 mg, 0.046 mmol), 6-ethoxypyridin-3-yl boronic acid (11 mg, 0.07 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) (5 mg, 10 mol %) in DMF (0.6 mL) sparged with Ar was added 2 N aq K₂CO₃ (46 μL, 0.096 mmol). The vessel was sealed and the reaction heated to 80° C. for 22 h. The reaction was cooled to rt and the product was purified twice by preparative HPLC (CH₃CN/H₂O/TFA and CH₃OH/H₂O/TFA sequentially) to provide Example 7 (10 mg, 45%) as a light brown solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₇H₂₂F₃N₃O₂ 477.48. found [M+H] 478.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.40 (t, J=6.87 Hz, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 3.71-3.88 (m, 2H), 4.37 (q, J=7.15 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=7.70 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.66-7.78 (m, 4H), 8.05 (dd, J=8.80, 2.20 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (d, J=2.20 Hz, 1H).

Example 8 (S)-3-(2H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(6,6,6-trifluorohexyloxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one

Intermediate 8A 4-(6,6,6-Trifluorohexyloxy)benzaldehyde

To a suspension of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (488 mg, 4 mmol) and 6-bromo-1,1,1-trifluorohexane (657 mg, 3 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (829 mg, 6.00 mmol). The resulting mixture was reflux overnight. Insoluble material was filtered off and rinsed with MeCN. The combined filtrate was concentrated to afford a white solid. This white solid was partitioned between EtOAc and 1 N NaOH solution. The organic layer was separated, washed with sat'd NH₄Cl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford Intermediate 8A as a clear liquid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₃H₁₅F₃O₂ 260.10. found [M+H] 261.0.

Intermediate 8B 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4-(6,6,6-trifluorohexyloxy)phenyl)ethanone

Intermediate 8B was prepared using a procedure analogous to Intermediate 2C except that Intermediate 2A was replaced with Intermediate 8A. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.06-8.02 (m, 2H), 6.99-6.97 (m, 1H), 4.08 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.19-2.06 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.55 (m, 4H).

Intermediate 8C (S,E)-2-Methyl-N-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-(6,6,6-trifluorohexyloxy)phenyl)ethylidene)propane-2-sulfinamide

To a solution of Intermediate 8B (717 mg, 2.184 mmol) and (S)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (529 mg, 4.37 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added tetraethoxytitanium (1993 mg, 8.74 mmol) in THF (20 mL). The resulting mixture was reflux for 5 h. TLC (20% EtOAc in hexane) indicated the starting ketone was completely consumed. The solvent was evaporated to afford a yellow oil. This yellow oil was dissolved in EtOAc and then washed with saturated NaHCO₃ (25 mL) and a large amount of white precipitation formed which was removed by filtering through a bed of Celite®. The white precipitation was rinsed with EtOAc. The combined EtOAc solution was washed again with saturated NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (40 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to afford Intermediate 8C (620 mg, 66%).

Intermediate 8D (S)-2-Methyl-N—((S)-1,1,1-trifluoro-4-oxo-4-p-tolyl-2-(4-(6,6,6-trifluorohexyloxy)phenyl)butan-2-yl)propane-2-sulfinamide

To a solution of 1-(p-tolyl)ethanone (609 mg, 4.31 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was cooled to −78° C. and to this solution was added lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (4.31 mL, 4.31 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 20 min and then Intermediate 8C (620 mg, 1.437 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1.5 h and then at 0° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched with NH₄Cl and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (80 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to afford Intermediate 8D (482 mg, 59%) as the slower eluting diastereomer on silica gel column. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₂H₃₃F₆NO₃S 565.21. found [M+H] 566.0.

Intermediate 8E (S)-3-Amino-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-p-tolyl-3-(4-(6,6,6-trifluorohexyloxy)phenyl)butan-1-one

To a solution of Intermediate 8D (482 mg, 0.852 mmol) in MeOH (4 mL) was added 4 M HCl (1 mL, 4.00 mmol) in dioxane. The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h and then concentrated. The residue was taken up in EtOAc, washed with saturated NaHCO₃ and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford Intermediate (386 mg, 58%) as a colorless oil, which was used for the subsequent reaction without further purification. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₃H₂₅F₆NO₂ 461.18. found [M+H] 461.9.

Example 8

To a solution of Intermediate 8E (140 mg, 0.303 mmol) and 2-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)acetic acid (117 mg, 0.910 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at 0° C. was added DCC (188 mg, 0.910 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the crude mixture was taken up in EtOAc. The organic solution was washed with saturated NaHCO₃, 1 N HCl and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford a brown oil. This oil was dissolved in EtOH (3 mL) and added piperidine (300 μL, 3.03 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and purified by preparative HPLC (MeCN/H₂O/TFA) to yield Example 8 (86 mg, 51%) as a solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₆H₂₅F₆N₅O₂ 553.19. found [M+H] 554.0. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.46 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 7.02-6.93 (m, 4H), 3.99 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.68-3.56 (m, 2H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.19-2.07 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.53 (m, 2H).

Example 9 3-(2-Ethyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one

To Example 2 (30 mg, 0.057 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (0.6 mL) was added iodoethane (9 mg, 0.057 mmol) and triethylamine (24 μL, 0.17 mmol). The reaction was heated to 120° C. for 10 min under microwave conditions. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC (CH₃CN/H₂O/TFA) to provide Example 9 (2.3 mg, 7%) as a light brown solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₆H₂₅F₆N₅O₂ 553.50. found [M+H] 554.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.51 (t, J=7.42 Hz, 2H), 1.98-2.13 (m, 2H), 2.21-2.39 (m, 5H), 3.51 (d, J=17.60 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (d, J=17.60 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 4.56 (q, J=7.52 Hz, 2H) 6.87 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (s, 1H).

Example 10 4-p-Tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one

To Example 2 (29 mg, 0.055 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (0.3 mL) was added a solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride (23.2 mg, 0.11 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (0.2 mL) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at rt for 4 h and then concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to provide Example 10 (19 mg, 58%) as a white solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₆H₂₀F₉N₃O₃ 593.44. found [M+H] 594.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.97-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.34-2.44 (m, 2H), 3.64-3.88 (m, 2H), 4.08 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H).

Example 11 6-Methyl-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-N-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxamide

Intermediate 11A 1-Bromo-4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)benzene

To a solution of 4-bromophenol (2.2 g, 12.7 mmol) and 4-bromo-1,1,1-trifluorobutane (2.4 g, 12.7 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (15 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (3.5 g, 25.4 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (120 mL) and the solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was washed with water and sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (40 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide Intermediate 11A (3.05 g, 85%) as a colorless oil.

Intermediate 11B (E)-Ethyl 3-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)but-2-enoate

Intermediate 11A (2.81 g, 9.93 mmol), (E)-ethyl but-2-enoate (1.25 g, 10.9 mmol), palladium(II) acetate (0.11 g, 0.5 mmol), tetraethylammonium chloride (1.65 g, 9.9 mmol), N-cyclohexyl-N-methylcyclohexanamine (2.91 g, 14.9 mmol) and dimethylacetamide (30 ml) were placed in a oven-dried vial and sparged with argon for 5 min. The vial was sealed and the reaction heated to 110° C. for 6 h. The reaction was cooled to rt, diluted with EtOAc (75 mL), washed with water and sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with EtOAc in hexanes to provide Intermediate 11B (1.81 g, 49%) as a colorless oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₆H₁₉F₃O₃ 316.32. found [M+H] 317.2.

Intermediate 11C (E)-N-Methoxy-N-methyl-3-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)but-2-enamide

A solution of Intermediate 11B (2.67 g, 8.44 mmol) and N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.65 g, 16.9 mmol) in anhydrous THF (35 mL) was cooled to −61° C. (CHCl₃/dry ice) under an atmosphere of Ar. To this solution was added 0.5 M isopropylmagnesium chloride (16.9 mL, 33.8 mmol) in THF slowly via a syringe. The reaction was stirred at −61° C. for 1.5 h, warmed to −20° C. (sat'd aq NaCl/ice) and stirred for 40 min, then warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 20 min. The reaction was poured into 10 mL of sat'd aq NH₄Cl and 12 mL of water, and then extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with EtOAc in hexanes to provide Intermediate 11C (1.62 g, 58%) as a light brown oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₆H₂₀F₃NO₃ 331.33. found [M+H] 332.2.

Intermediate 11D (E)-1-p-Tolyl-3-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)but-2-en-1-one

To a solution of Intermediate 11C (1.62 g, 4.89 mmol) in anhydrous THF (25 mL) at −78° C. was added dropwise 0.5 Mp-tolylmagnesium bromide in ether (25 mL, 12.5 mmol). The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 40 min, then gradually warmed to rt. The reaction was poured into 1:1 sat'd aq NH₄Cl and water (60 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with sat'd aq NaCl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide Intermediate 11D (1.34 g, 76%) as a light brown solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₁H₂₁F₃O₂ 362.39. found [M+H] 363.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.01-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.37 (m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 4.07 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.23-7.34 (m, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H).

Intermediate 11E 3-Amino-1-p-tolyl-3-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)butan-1-one

Ammonia was bubble into a solution of Intermediate 11D (1.34 mg, 0.64 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) and DMSO (12 mL) for 10 min at 0° C. The reaction was stirred at rt overnight in a sealed pressure vessel. Analytical HPLC showed reaction to have progressed only ca. 10%. The mixture was cooled to −15° C., then ammonia was bubbled through for 7 min. The vessel was sealed and the reaction was stirred at rt overnight. Analytical HPLC showed the reaction to be ca. 25-30% complete. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (75 mL), washed with water and sat'd aq NaCl, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to provide Intermediate 11E (281 mg, 20%) as a light brown oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₁H₂₄F₃NO₂ 379.42. found [M+H] 380.3.

Intermediate 11F 3-Oxo-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylamino)propanoic acid

By sequential application of the procedures for Intermediates 6A and 6B, 4-trifluoromethoxyaniline (2.3 g, 13 mmol) was converted to Intermediate 11F (2.8 g, 11 mmol), which was isolated as a white solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₀H₈F₃NO₄ 263.17. found [M+H] 264.1.

Intermediate 11G N¹-(4-Oxo-4-p-tolyl-2-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)butan-2-yl)-N³-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenyl)malonamide

To a solution of Intermediate 11F (41.6 mg, 0.158 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (0.6 mL) was added PPh₃ (124 mg, 0.474 mmol) followed by dropwise addition of trichloroacetonitrile (27.4 mg, 0.19 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h. To the freshly prepared acid chloride was added a solution of Intermediate 11E (20 mg, 0.053 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (0.3 mL) followed by pyridine (19 μL, 0.237 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The product was purified by preparative HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to yield Intermediate 11G (11 mg, 33%) as a brown solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₃₁H₃₀F₆N₂O₅ 624.57. found [M+H] 625.4.

Example 11

To a solution of Intermediate 11G (11 mg, 0.018 mmol) in MeOH (0.8 ml) was added piperidine (15 μL). The reaction was stirred at 75° C. for 1.5 h. The product was isolated by preparative HPLC (CH₃CN/H₂O/TFA) to provide Example 11 (5.2 mg, 44%) as a brown solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₃₁H₂₈F₆N₂O₄ 606.56. found [M+H] 607.4. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.68 (s, 3H), 1.95-2.07 (m, 2H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.30-2.41 (m, 2H), 3.11-3.26 (m, 2H), 4.03 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.08-7.18 (m, 4H), 7.22 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H).

Example 12 3-(2H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-4-p-tolyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-6-(1-(5,5,5-trifluoropentyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one

Intermediate 12A 4-Iodo-1-(5,5,5-trifluoropentyl)-1H-pyrazole

To a stirred solution of 4-iodo-1H-pyrazole (337 mg, 1.737 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added sodium hydride (104 mg, 2.61 mmol). After 30 min, 5-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoropentane (427 mg, 2.085 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h. 3:1 hexane:ether and water were added. The organic layer was washed with H₂O, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (24 g silica gel, eluted with 0-60% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product (460 mg, 83%) as clear oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₈H₁₀F₃IN₂ 318.0. found [M+H] 319.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 4.12 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.00-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.47-1.61 (m, 2H).

Intermediate 12B 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(1-(5,5,5-trifluoropentyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethanone

To a stirred solution of Intermediate 12A (460 mg, 1.446 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) at 0° C. was added isopropylmagnesium chloride (0.795 mL, 1.591 mmol) quickly. After 30 min, additional 0.25 eq of iPrMgCl was added and after 30 min, the mixture was cooled to −78° C. 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(piperidin-1-yl)ethanone (288 mg, 1.591 mmol) was added quickly and the reaction was warmed to rt and stirred for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with sat'd aq NH₄Cl and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with sat'd aq NH₄Cl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (40 g silica gel, eluted with 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product (265 mg, 64%) as clear oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.08 (s, 2H), 4.22 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.07-2.20 (m, 2H), 1.98-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.65 (m, 2H).

Example 12

Example 12 was prepared using a procedure analogous to Example 2 by replacing Intermediate 2C with Intermediate 12B. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₂H₂₁F₆N₇O 513.2. found [M+H] 514.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.16 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.58 (d, J=18.2 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (d, J=17.9 Hz, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.02-2.17 (m, 2H), 1.93 (quin, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.46-1.55 (m, 2H).

Example 13 3-Nitro-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one

Intermediate 13A 2-Nitro-N-(1,1,1-trifluoro-4-oxo-4-p-tolyl-2-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)butan-2-yl)-acetamide

To a solution of Intermediate 2F (130 mg, 0.3 mmol) in anhydrous THF (1 mL) at 0° C. was added DCC (204 mg, 0.99 mmol) followed by a solution of 2-nitroacetic acid (104 mg, 0.99 mmol) in anhydrous THF (0.5 mL) dropwise. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h then at rt overnight. The reaction was heated to 70° C. for 4 h. The reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with EtOAc (3 mL). The solids were filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide Intermediate 13A (129 mg, 83%) as a brown oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₃H₂₂F₆N₂O₅ 520.42. found [M+H] 521.1.

Example 13

To a solution of Intermediate 13A (126 mg, 0.24 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added piperidine (35 μL). The reaction mixture was heated at 75° C. for 1.5 h. The product was isolated by preparative HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to provide Example 13 (21 mg, 17%) as a off-white solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₃H₂₀F₃N₂O₄ 502.41. found [M+H] 503.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.98-2.08 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.45 (m, 5H), 3.58 (d, J=17.60 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (d, J=17.60 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.19 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H).

Example 14 8-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-6-oxo-4-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-4-(trifluoro-methyl)-5-azaspiro[2.5]oct-7-ene-7-carbonitrile

Intermediate 14A Methyl 3-oxo-3-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)propanoate

To a solution of methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxopropanoate (7.8 g, 40.2 mmol) and 4,4,4-trifluorobutan-1-ol (5.15 g, 40.2 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (201 mL) at 0° C. was added triphenylphosphine (12.6 g, 48.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred for a few min, and then DIAD (9.37 mL, 48.2 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then warmed to rt and stirred for 3 days. The reaction was loaded directly onto a 300 g silica gel column and eluted with EtOAc in hexanes. Fractions containing the product were combined and concentrated to provide Intermediate 14A (9.9 g, 80%) as a colorless solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.03-2.13 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.39 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.96 (s, 2H), 4.09 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 6.92-6.96 (m, 2H), 7.86-7.97 (m, 2H).

Intermediate 14B Methyl 1-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)benzoyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

To a solution of Intermediate 14A (6.0 g, 19.7 mmol) in DMF (197 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (8.18 g, 59.2 mmol) followed by 1,2-dibromoethane (2.6 mL, 30 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 days. The reaction was reduced in volume in vacuo, then diluted with EtOAc, washed with a 1:1 solution of sat'd aq NaCl and water, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The product was isolated by silica gel chromatography (220 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide Intermediate 14B (4.2 g, 61%) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.45-1.49 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.61 (m, 2H), 2.03-2.14 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.39 (m, 2H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 4.09 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 6.90-6.94 (m, 2H), 7.86-7.93 (m, 2H).

Intermediate 14C Methyl 1-((benzylimino)(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)methyl)cyclopropane carboxylate

To a solution of Intermediate 14B (4.2 g, 13 mmol) and benzylamine (5.5 mL, 50 mmol) in diethyl ether (63 mL) at 0° C. was added 1.0 M TiCl₄ in CH₂Cl₂ (7.6 mL, 7.5 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for a few minutes, then warmed to rt and stirred for 16 h. Celite® was added to the reaction and the solids were removed by filtering through a bed of Celite®. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography (120 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide Intermediate 14C (4.6 g, 83%) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.82 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.34 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.24 (m, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.04 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 2.39-2.26 (m, 2H), 2.11-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.11 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 2H).

Intermediate 14D Methyl 1-(1-(benzylamino)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)ethyl)-cyclopropane carboxylate

To a solution of Intermediate 14C (4.6 g, 11 mmol) in acetonitrile (22 mL) and DMF (2.6 mL, 33 mmol) at 0° C. was added neat TFA (1.1 mL, 13.7 mmol) followed by potassium hydrogen fluoride (0.64 g, 8.2 mmol). The reaction was stirred for ca. 5 min, then trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (2.4 mL, 16.4 mmol) was added and the reaction was warmed to rt and stirred for 16 h. Sat′d aqueous NaHCO₃ was added to the reaction and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with sat'd aq NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (220 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide Intermediate 14D (1.8 g, 31%) as an oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₄H₂₅F₆NO₃ 489.45. found [M+H] 490.1.

Intermediate 14E 1-(1-(Benzylamino)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)ethyl)-cyclopropane carboxylic acid

To a solution Intermediate 14D (558 mg, 1.140 mmol) in pyridine (5.7 mL) was added lithium iodide (1.53 g, 11.4 mmol). The reaction was heated to reflux overnight. The reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with water and EtOAc. The aqueous layer was made acidic with 1 N HCl and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with sat'd aq NaCl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide Intermediate 14E (506 mg, 84%) which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₃H₂₃F₆NO₃ 475.42. found [M+H] 476.2.

Intermediate 14F 5-Benzyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5-azaspiro[2.3]-hexan-4-one

To a solution of Intermediate 14E (506 mg, 1.1 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (11 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (0.12 mL, 2.2 mmol) followed by several drops of DMF. The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (24 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide Intermediate 14F (389 mg, 72%) as a yellow oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₃H₂₁F₆NO₂ 457.41. found [M+H] 458.2.

Intermediate 14G (1-(1-(Benzylamino)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)ethyl)-cyclopropyl)-(4-methoxyphenyl)methanone

Magnesium turnings (130 mg, 5.4 mmol) were suspended in anhydrous THF (13 mL). 4-Bromoanisole (1 g, 670 μL, 5.4 mmol) was added followed by a few drops of 1,2-dibromoethane. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1.5 h after which most of the magnesium had dissolved. The reaction was warmed to 50° C. for 30 min, then cooled to rt. Final concentration of the Grignard reagent was 0.4 M assuming complete conversion. To a cold solution (−40° C.) of Intermediate 14F (200 mg, 0.44 mmol) in THF (4.4 mL) was added the freshly prepared Grignard reagent. The reaction was warmed from −40° C. to rt, then heated to reflux overnight. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and quenched with sat'd aq NH₄Cl. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with sat'd aq NaCl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The product was isolated using preparative HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA). Fractions containing the product were combined and reduced in volume in vacuo. The resulting aqueous solution was made basic with sat'd aq NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with sat'd aq NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide Intermediate 14G (6.1 mg, 2.5%). LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₃₀H₂₉F₆NO₃ 565.55. found [M+H] 566.3.

Intermediate 14H (1-(1-Amino-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)ethyl)cyclopropyl)(4-methoxy-phenyl)methanone

To a solution of Intermediate 14G (6 mg, 10.6 μmol) in MeOH (1 mL) containing 4.4% formic acid was added 10% palladium on carbon (2 mg, 2 μmol). The reaction was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction was filtered through Celite®. The filtrate was made basic with sat'd aq NaHCO₃, and then evaporated to remove MeOH. The aqueous residue was diluted with sat'd aq NaCl and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with sat'd aq NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide Intermediate 14H (4 mg, 71%) as a tan glass. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₃H₂₃F₆NO₃ 475.42. found [M+H] 476.2.

Intermediate 14I 2-Cyano-N-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(1-(4-methoxybenzoyl)cyclopropyl)-1-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)-phenyl)ethyl)acetamide

To a solution of 2-cyanoacetic acid (320 mg, 3.8 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (9.1 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (523 mg, 360 μL, 4.1 mmol) followed by a few drops of DMF. The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h. Final concentration of 2-cyanoacetyl chloride was 0.4 M assuming complete conversion. To a solution of Intermediate 14H (4 mg, 8.4 μmol) and pyridine (2.0 μL, 0.025 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 μL) at 0° C. was added the freshly prepared 0.4 M 2-cyanoacetyl chloride in CH₂Cl₂ (0.032 mL, 0.013 mmol). The reaction was warmed to rt and stirred for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with one drop of MeOH, diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1:1 sat'd aq NaCl and water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide Intermediate 14I (7 mg, 153%), which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₆H₂₄F₆N₂O₄ 542.47. found [M+H] 543.3.

Example 14

To a solution of Intermediate 14I (7 mg, 0.013 mmol) in EtOH (2 mL) was added 25% w/w sodium methoxide (0.015 mL, 0.065 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 1.5 h. The reaction was made acidic with a few drops of 1 N aqueous HCl and then concentrated. The product was isolated by preparative HPLC (MeOH/H₂OTFA). The fraction containing the product was reduced in volume in vacuo, made basic with sat'd aq NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with sat'd aq NaCl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide Example 14 (2.9 mg, 42%). LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₆H₂₂F₆N₂O₃ 524.46. found [M+H] 525.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 0.65 (t, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 1.18-1.25 (m, 2H), 1.99-2.08 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.43 (m, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 4.09 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (br. s., 2H), 7.23 (br. s., 2H), 7.58 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 2H).

Examples 15-1 and Example 15-2 3-Fluoro-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

To a solution of the Example 77 (70 mg, 0.140 mmol) in DMF (1.4 mL) was added Na₂CO₃ (30 mg, 0.28 mmol) followed by 1-fluoro-4-hydroxy-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2,2,2]octane-bis-(tetrafluoroborate) (196 mg, 0.28 mmol). The reaction was heated to 80° C. overnight. The reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with EtOAc and water. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with sat'd aq NaCl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC (MeOH/H₂OTFA) to yield the product (44 mg, 61%) as a mixture of two diastereoisomers. The two diastereoisomers were separated by preparative chiral SFC method B to provide Example 15-1 (14.6 mg, 20%) and Example 15-2 (17.2 mg, 23%). Data for Example 15-1: LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₄H₁₉F₇N₂O₃ 516.41. found [M+H] 517.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 2.00-2.08 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.44 (m, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 4.10 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (d, J=1.10 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H). Analytical chiral HPLC method B: RT=3.23 min, 99% ee. Data for Example 15-2: LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₄H₁₉F₇N₂O₃ 516.41. found [M+H] 517.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 2.00-2.08 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.44 (m, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 4.10 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (d, J=1.10 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H). Analytical chiral HPLC method B: RT=4.84 min, 99% ee.

Examples 15-3 and Example 15-4 3-Fluoro-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

Application of the method described for Example 15-1 and Example 15-2 provided Example 15-3 (4.6 mg, 43%) and Example 15-4 (4.6 mg, 43%) from the R-isomer of Example 65 (10 mg, 0.02 mmol). Data for Example 15-3: LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₄H₁₉F₇N₂O₃ 516.41. found [M+H] 517.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 2.00-2.08 (m, 2H) 2.31-2.44 (m, 2H) 3.85 (s, 3H) 4.10 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H) 6.92 (d, J=1.65 Hz, 1H) 7.02 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H) 7.07 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H) 7.50 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H) 7.57 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H). Analytical chiral HPLC method B: RT=5.13 min, 99% ee. Data for Example 15-4: LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₄H₁₉F₇N₂O₃ 516.41. found [M+H] 517.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.99-2.07 (m, 2H) 2.30-2.43 (m, 2H) 3.84 (s, 3H) 4.09 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H) 6.78 (s, 1H) 7.02 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H) 7.05 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 2H) 7.54 (dd, J=8.25, 4.95 Hz, 4H). Analytical chiral HPLC method B: RT=5.13 min, 99% ee.

Example 16-1 and Example 16-2 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide

To a solution of Example 6-2 (90 mg, 0.15 mol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added 10% palladium on carbon (5 mg). The mixture was stirred under hydrogen (50 psi) overnight. Additional palladium on carbon (5 mg) was added and the reaction was stirred under hydrogen (50 psi) for an additional 1 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration through a pad of Celite® and the solution was concentrated in vacuo. The products were partly separated by preparative HPLC (CH₃CN/H₂O/TFA). Fractions containing the two products were combined and separated by chiral HPLC method D to provide Example 16-1 and Example 16-2. Data for Example 16-1: LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₃₁H₃₀F₆N₂O₄ 608.57. found [M+H] 609.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.97-2.14 (m, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.32-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.54-2.69 (m, 2H), 3.17 (td, J=11.82, 3.85 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (d, J=11.54 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 4.10 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (d, J=8.79 Hz, 2H), 6.99-7.12 (m, 6H), 7.13-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=8.79 Hz, 2H). Analytical chiral HPLC method D RT=6.75 min, 99% ee. Data for Example 16-2: LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₃₁H₃₀F₆N₂O₄ 608.57. found [M+H] 609.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.52 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.14-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.02-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.81-6.75 (m, 2H), 4.07 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.94-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.60 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (dd, J=14.8, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.31 (dd, 1H, overlaps with peak at δ 2.27), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 2H). Preparative chiral HPLC method D: RT=10.9 min, 99% ee.

Examples 17-101 expressed by Formula (IIa), unless noted in the table, may be made by one skilled in the art by appropriate application of the procedures described for Examples 1-16. R¹¹ to R¹⁵ are hydrogen, unless noted in the table.

TABLE 2 (IIa)

Ex- am- ple R¹ R² R⁶ R¹¹—R¹⁵ [M + H] ¹HNMR (400 MHz, MeOD)  17 Rac

CH₃ CN R¹³ = morpholine 459.2*  18 Rac

CH₃ CN R¹² = CH₃ R¹³ = CH₃ 345.1*  19 Rac

CH₃ CN R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ 377.2*  20 Rac

CH₃ CN R¹³ = t-Bu 401.2*  21 Rac

CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 360.2  22 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 371.2  23 Rac

CH₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 331.3  24 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 391.1  25 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 375.2  26 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 393.2  27 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 375.2  28 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 413.3  29 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 387.2  30 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 387.2  31 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 400.2  32 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 435.2  33 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 483.3 2.03-2.12 (m, 2 H) 2.25- 2.36 (m, 2 H) 2.42 (s, 3 H) 3.51-3.68 (m, 2 H) 4.04 (t, J = 5.50 Hz, 2 H) 6.94 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2H) 7.31 (d, J = 7.70 Hz, 2 H) 7.40 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 7.47 (d, J = 7.70 Hz, 2 H) 7.64 (br. s., 1 H).  34 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 471.4 [M − H]−  35 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 491.3 2.06-2.18 (m, 2 H) 2.41 (s, 3 H) 2.81 (t, J = 7.70 Hz, 2 H) 3.45-3.68 (m, 2 H) 3.97 (t, J = 6.32 Hz, 2 H) 6.55 (s, 1 H) 6.93 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 7.21 (d, J = 7.15 Hz, 3 H) 7.25-7.31 (m, 4 H) 7.37 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2 H) 7.45 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2 H).  36 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 469.3 1.16 (dd, J = 12.10, 8.25 Hz, 2 H) 1.54 (dd, J = 7.42, 4.67 Hz, 2 H) 1.60-1.70 (m, 2 H) 1.81 (q, J = 6.60 Hz, 4 H) 1.96 (m, J = 7.70 Hz, 1 H) 2.41 (s, 3 H) 3.45-3.64 (m, 2 H) 3.98 (t, J = 6.60 Hz, 2 H) 6.50 (s, 1 H) 6.94 (d, J = 9.35 Hz, 2 H) 7.23-7.32 (m, 2 H) 7.37 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 7.44 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2 H).  37 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 443.3  38 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 430.1  39 S- iso- mer

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 387.2  40 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 463.2  41 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 499.2  42 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 427.4 0.85-0.96 (m, 3 H) 1.33 (d, J = 2.75 Hz, 4 H) 1.47-1.69 (m, 4 H) 2.41 (s, 3 H) 2.56- 2.67 (m, 2 H) 3.45-3.66 (m, 2 H) 6.46 (br. s., 1 H) 7.20- 7.31 (m, 4 H) 7.37 (d, J = 7.15 Hz, 2 H) 7.45 (d, J = 6.60 Hz, 2 H).  43 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 434.3  44 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 450.3  45 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 449.3  46 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 451.3  47 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 463.3  48 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 561.4 2.36 (s, 3 H) 3.40-3.59 (m, 2 H) 6.82 (s, 1 H) 6.93 (t, J = 8.79 Hz, 2 H) 7.01-7.13 (m, 5 H) 7.15-7.20 (m, 3 H) 7.34-7.45 (m, 4 H) 7.48 (d, J = 8.79 Hz, 2 H) 9.86 (s, 1 H).  49 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 547.4 2.30 (s, 3 H) 3.57-3.81 (m, 2 H) 6.96 (t, J = 8.79 Hz, 2 H) 7.17 (d, J = 7.70 Hz, 2 H) 7.27-7.38 (m, 4 H) 7.83 (m, 4H) 9.11 (s, 2 H) 9.16 (s, 1 H).  50 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 547.4  51 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 539.5 0.90 (t, J = 6.87 Hz, 3 H) 1.28-1.40 (m, 4 H) 1.58- 1.71 (m, 2 H) 2.35 (s, 3 H) 2.55-2.71 (m, 2 H) 3.30- 3.60 (m, 2 H) 6.63 (s, 1 H) 6.92 (t, J = 8.52 Hz, 2 H) 7.05-7.12 (m, 2 H) 7.14- 7.20 (m, 2 H) 7.22-7.31 (m, 2 H) 7.37-7.49 (m, 4 H) 9.94 (s, 1 H).  52 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 563.4  53 S- iso- mer

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 483.2 1.93-2.09 (m, 2 H) 2.27- 2.38 (m, 2 H) 2.40 (s, 3 H) 3.62-3.78 (m, 2 H) 4.06 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2 H) 7.00 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 7.33 (d, J = 7.70 Hz, 2 H) 7.44-7.58 (m, 4 H).  54 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 575.3  55 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 571.4  56 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 591.3  57 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 605.4 2.02 (dd, J = 9.90, 6.05 Hz, 2 H) 2.28-2.40 (m, 5 H) 2.45- 2.58 (m, 2 H) 3.12-3.35 (m, 2 H) 3.37-3.60 (m, 2 H) 4.05 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2 H) 6.91-7.01 (m, 4 H) 7.09- 7.20 (m, 5 H) 7.21-7.26 (m, 2 H) 7.50 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H).  58 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 607.3 1.96-2.07 (m, 2 H) 2.26- 2.32 (m, 3 H) 2.32-2.42 (m, 2 H) 3.45-3.67 (m, 2 H) 4.06 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2 H) 6.61 (dd, J = 8.25, 2.20 Hz, 1 H) 6.83 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 1 H) 6.98 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 7.03 (s, 1 H) 7.09 (t, J = 8.25 Hz, 1 H) 7.16 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2 H) 7.28 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2 H) 7.52 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H).  59 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 577.3 1.95-2.08 (m, 2 H) 2.28 (s, 3 H) 2.32-2.42 (m, 2 H) 3.42- 3.70 (m, 2 H) 4.05 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2 H) 6.97 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 7.00-7.06 (m, 1 H) 7.15 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2 H) 7.20 (t, J = 7.97 Hz, 2 H) 7.30 (dd, J = 16.77, 7.97 Hz, 4 H) 7.52 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H).  60 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 611.3  61 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 611.3  62 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 611.3  63 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 469.1 2.40 (s, 3 H) 2.63-2.75 (m, 2 H) 3.65-3.77 (m, 2 H) 4.24 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2 H) 7.01 (d, J = 9.35 Hz, 2 H) 7.33 (d, J = 7.70 Hz, 2 H) 7.50 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2 H) 7.54 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H).  64 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹² = OCH₃ 499.2  65 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = OCH₃ 499.2 1.95-2.07 (m, 2 H) 2.29- 2.43 (m, 2 H) 3.88 (s, 3 H) 3.92 (d, J = 16.51 Hz, 1 H) 4.06 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2 H) 4.55 (d, J = 16.23 Hz, 1 H) 6.96 (d, J = 9.08 Hz, 2 H) 7.01 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 7.52 (d, J = 9.08 Hz, 2 H) 7.97 (d, J = 9.08 Hz, 2 H)  66 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CN 494.2  67 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹¹ = F 487.2  68 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹² = Cl 503.2  69 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹² = CN 494.2  70 Rac

CF₃ H R¹³ = CH₃ 458.2  71 Rac

CF₃ CN all H 469.2  72 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = Cl 503.1  73 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹² and R¹³  

519.2 8.15 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.01- 7.95 (m, 2H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.65-7.55 (m, 5H), 7.05-7.00 (m, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.85 (ABq, J = 18.1 Hz, 2H), 2.42- 2.29 (m, 2H), 2.06-1.98 (m, 2H)  74 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = F 487.2  75 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CF₃ 537.2  76 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹² = CH₃ 483.2  77 S- iso- mer

CF₃ CN R¹³ = OCH₃ 499.2 1.97-2.06 (m, 2 H) 2.27- 2.42 (m, 2 H) 3.66 (d, J = 17.90 Hz, 1 H) 3.75 (d, J = 17.90 Hz, 1 H) 3.87 (s, 3 H) 4.06 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2 H) 6.96-7.02 (m, 2 H) 7.03- 7.08 (m, 2 H) 7.52 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 7.61-7.68 (m, 2 H)  78 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = OCHF₂ 535.1 7.69-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.31-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.01 (m, 2H), 6.96 (t, J = 73.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.78-3.67 (m, 2H), 2.44-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.07-1.97 (m, 2H)  79 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = OCF₃ 553.1  80 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ 513.2  81 Rac

CF₃ CN R₁₁ = F R¹³ = OCH₃ 517.2 7.51 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.04- 6.97 (m, 2H), 6.91-6.83 (m, 2H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 2H), 2.46-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.08- 1.98 (m, 2H)  82 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 591.2 7.52 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H), 2.39-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.06-1.98 (m, 2H).  83 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 661.2 7.53 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.46- 7.41 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.24 (m, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.01-6.96 (m, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.99 (m, 2H).  84 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 625.2 7.52 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30- 7.24 (m, 3H), 7.17 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.01-6.90 (m, 4H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.82-3.77 (s, 3H), 3.64 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H), 2.42-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.96 (m, 2H).  85 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 609.2 7.56-7.50 (ab quartet, J = 9.3 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.20 (m, 3H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.01- 6.95 (m, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (d, J = 17.6 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.97 (m, 2H).  86 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 645.2 7.58-7.48 (m, 6H), 7.27 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.00-6.95 (m, 2H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (d, J = 17.6 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.09-1.95 (m, 2H).  87 Rac S- iso- mer

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 538.2  88 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 579.2 2.31 (s, 3 H) 3.45-3.69 (m, 2 H) 3.70-3.76 (s, 3 H) 4.56 (q, J = 8.25 Hz, 2 H) 6.78 (d, J = 9.35 Hz, 2H) 7.07 (d, J = 9.35 Hz, 2 H) 7.13-7.22 (m, 4 H) 7.29 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2 H) 7.59 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H).  89 Rac

CF₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ 455.1  90 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 498.1 2.28 (s, 3 H) 3.63-3.82 (m, 2 H) 4.58 (q, J = 8.61 Hz, 2 H) 6.88 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2 H) 7.10 (dd, J = 12.65, 8.80 Hz, 4 H) 7.65 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H).  91 S- iso- mer

CF₃ CN R₁₁ = F R¹³ = OCH₃ 517.2 7.51 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.03- 6.99 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.84 (m, 2H), 5.49 (s, 1H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 2H), 2.46-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.97 (m, 2H)  92 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ 556.3 1.34 (t, J = 6.87 Hz, 3 H) 1.96-2.09 (m, 2 H) 2.26- 2.43 (m, 2 H) 3.70 (s, 2 H) 3.98 (q, J = 6.78 Hz, 2 H) 4.06 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2 H) 6.78 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 6.92 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 7.01 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 7.58 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H).  93 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = OCHF₂ 578.3 1.96-2.12 (m, 2 H) 2.28- 2.45 (m, 2 H) 3.63-3.85 (m, 2 H) 4.07 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2 H) 6.95-7.08 (m, 7 H) 7.59 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H).  94 S- iso- mer

CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃ 661.3 1.97-2.08 (m, 2 H) 2.29 (s, 3 H) 2.32-2.40 (m, 2 H) 3.50 (d, J = 17.05 Hz, 1 H) 3.65 (d, J = 17.60 Hz, 1 H) 4.06 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2 H) 6.98 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 7.14 (dd, J = 16.77, 8.52 Hz, 4 H) 7.28 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2 H) 7.43 (d, J = 9.35 Hz, 2 H) 7.52 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H).  95 S- iso- mer

CF₃

R¹¹ = F R¹³ = OCH₃ 560.3 1.95-2.08 (m, 2 H) 2.28- 2.42 (m, 2 H) 3.58-3.71 (m, 2 H) 3.76 (s, 3 H) 4.06 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2 H) 6.59 (dd, J = 12.92, 2.47 Hz, 1 H) 6.69 (dd, J = 8.80, 2.75 Hz, 1 H) 6.91-6.96 (m, 1 H) 7.00 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H) 7.57 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2 H).  96 Rac

CF₃

R¹² = CH₃ 526.3  97 Rac

CF₃

All H 512.2  98 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = CF₃ 580.3 7.60 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 4H), 7.18 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (d, J = 18.1 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (d, J = 18.1 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.11-1.93 (m, 2H).  99 Rac

CF₃

R¹² = Cl 546.2 100 Rac

CF₃

R¹² = OCH₃ 542.3 101 Rac

CF₃

R¹³ = Cl 546.2 *Data reported as molecular weight of compound based on electrospray mass spec results

Example 102 N⁵-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-6-oxo-4-p-tolyl-N²-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-2,5-dicarboxamide

Intermediate 102A (E)-Ethyl 2-methyl-4-oxo-4-p-tolylbut-2-enoate

A solution of Intermediate 2D (3.02 g, 7.65 mmol) and ethyl 2-oxopropanoate (0.74 g, 6.37 mmol) in THF (12 mL) in a 5 mL microwave vial equipped with a magnetic stirrer was heated at 150° C. under microwave conditions for 20 min. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (80 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the desired product (1.067 g, 72%) as a yellow oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₄H₁₆O₃ 232.11. found [M+H] 233.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.87 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (q, J=1.56 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=7.98 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (q, J=7.15 Hz, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.16 (d, J=1.38 Hz, 3H), 1.36 (t, J=7.02 Hz, 3H).

Intermediate 102B Ethyl 2-amino-2-methyl-4-oxo-4-p-tolylbutanoate

To a solution of Intermediate 102A (1.067 g, 4.59 mmol) in DMSO (20 mL) under argon was added NH₄OH (18.04 mL, 271 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (75 mL) and washed sequentially with water (40 mL) and brine (20 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give a yellow oil. The oil was purified by silica gel chromatography (120 g silica gel) to provide the desired product (0.632 g, 55%) as a clear oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₄H₁₉NO₃ 249.14. found [M+H] 250.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.83 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (d, J=7.98 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (dd, J=7.15, 2.75 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (d, J=17.61 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (d, J=17.61 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.18-2.27 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.19 (t, J=7.01 Hz, 3H).

Intermediate 102C Ethyl 2-(3-(4-methoxyphenylamino)-3-oxopropanamido)-2-methyl-4-oxo-4-p-tolylbutanoate

To a solution of Intermediate 6B (0.388 g, 1.855 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) under argon was added 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylprop-1-en-1-amine (0.293 g, 2.192 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 20 min. A solution of Intermediate 102B (0.4204 g, 1.686 mmol) in DCM (1.000 mL) followed by pyridine (0.409 mL, 5.06 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give a dark oil which was dissolved in EtOAc (15 mL) and washed with water (5 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (80 g silica gel) to provide the desired product (0.650 g, 88%) as an orange oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₄H₂₈N₂O₆ 440.19. found [M+H] 441.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.83 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (d, J=7.98 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (dd, J=7.15, 2.75 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (d, J=17.61 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (d, J=17.61 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.18-2.27 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.19 (t, J=7.01 Hz, 3H).

Intermediate 102D 5-(4-Methoxyphenylcarbamoyl)-2-methyl-6-oxo-4-p-tolyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylic acid

To a solution of Intermediate 102C (0.033 g, 0.075 mmol) in THF (8 mL) and water (1.600 mL) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (3.77 mg, 0.090 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with AcOH (5 drops) and diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and water (3 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (10 mL). The organic phases were combined and dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give the desired product (0.0213 g, 72%) as a white solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₂H₂₂N₂O₅ 394.15. found [M+H] 395.0.

Example 102

To a solution of Intermediate 102D (0.0213 g, 0.054 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) under argon was added EDC (0.014 g, 0.076 mmol), HOBT (9.92 mg, 0.065 mmol), 4,4,4-trifluorobutan-1-amine (8.24 mg, 0.065 mmol), and DIEA (0.019 mL, 0.108 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 3 days. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (5 mL) and the solution was washed with water (2 mL) and brine (2 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give an orange solid which was purified by preparative HPLC (ACN/H₂O/TFA) to afford the desired product (4.6 mg, 15%) as a pale yellow solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₆H₂₈F₃N₃O₄ 503.2. found [M+H] 504.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.46 (br. s., 1H), 7.61 (br. s., 1H), 7.24-7.32 (m, 4H), 7.16 (d, J=7.83 Hz, 2H), 6.79 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.56 (d, J=17.18 Hz, 1H), 3.22-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.14 (br. s., 1H), 2.73 (d, J=17.18 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.00-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.54 (s, 3H).

Example 103 N-(4-Cyanophenyl)-5,5-difluoro-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxamide

Intermediate 103A Methyl 2,2-difluoro-3-oxo-3-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)propanoate

To a solution of Intermediate 14A (3 g, 9.86 mmol) and selectFluor (10.48 g, 29.6 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was added 1 M methanolic tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (19.72 mL, 19.72 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 82° C. for 10 min under microwave conditions. The reaction was diluted with 1:1 ACN and MeOH and filtered rinsing with 1:1 ACN in MeOH (50 mL). The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (80 g silica gel, elute with EtOAc in hexanes) to yield the desired product (2.34 g, 69%) as a clear, colorless oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.08 (d, J=9.08 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J=9.08 Hz, 2H), 4.13 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 2.27-2.39 (m, 2H), 2.07-2.15 (m, 2H).

Intermediate 103B 2,2-Difluoro-1-(piperidin-1-yl)-3-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)propane-1,3-dione

Piperidine (175 μL, 1.763 mmol) was slowly added to Intermediate 103A (500 mg, 1.470 mmol) at rt. The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h. The reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, loaded onto a 12 g SiO₂ column and eluted with EtOAc in hexanes. Fractions containing the product were combined and evaporated to dryness to provide the product (520 mg, 81%) as a clear oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₈H₂₀F₅NO₃ 393.14. found [M+H] 394.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.10 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 6.98-6.91 (m, 2H), 4.10 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.61-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.54-3.50 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.26 (m, 2H), 2.14-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.51 (m, 4H).

Intermediate 103C N-(2,2-Difluoro-3-oxo-3-(piperidin-1-yl)-1-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)propylidene)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide

To a solution of Intermediate 103B (1.97 g, 5.01 mmol) and 2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (1.821 g, 15.02 mmol) in anhydrous THF (25.04 mL) was added Ti(OEt)₄ (5.19 mL, 25.04 mmol). The reaction was heated at refluxed temperature overnight. The reaction was cooled to rt, poured into brine, diluted with EtOAc, and stirred for 30 min. The titanium oxide was removed by filtering through a plug of Celite®. The filtrate layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (80 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes to yield the desired product (1.62 g, 59%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.56 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=9.08 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 3.62-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.58 (m, 1H), 3.39 (t, J=5.09 Hz, 2H), 2.26-2.37 (m, 2H), 2.05-2.11 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.70 (m, 7H), 1.25 (s, 9H).

Intermediate 103D 2-Methyl-N-(1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-4-oxo-4-(piperidin-1-yl)-2-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)butan-2-yl)propane-2-sulfinamide

To a solution of TBAT (3.43 g, 6.36 mmol) in DMF (5.89 mL) was added a solution of Intermediate 103C (1.17 g, 2.356 mmol) in THF (5.89 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C., and then 2 M TMSCF₃ (3.53 mL, 7.07 mmol) in THF was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and then quenched with brine (20 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was warmed to rt and diluted with water and EtOAc. The layers were separated. The aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (80 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to afford the desired product (773 mg, 58%) as a yellow gum. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₃H₃₀F₈N₂O₃S 566.18. found [M+H] 567.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.69 (d, J=8.53 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=9.08 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (t, J=5.91 Hz, 2H), 3.50-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.34-3.45 (m, 2H), 2.23-2.35 (m, 2H), 1.98-2.07 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.69 (m, 6H), 1.26 (s, 9H).

Intermediate 103E N-Benzyl-2-methyl-N-(1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-4-oxo-4-(piperidin-1-yl)-2-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)butan-2-yl)propane-2-sulfinamide

A solution of Intermediate 103D (461 mg, 0.814 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (0.5 mL) was added to a suspension of NaH (65 mg, 1.627 mmol) (60% in mineral oil) at 0° C. After stirring for 5 min, BnBr (0.484 mL, 4.07 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was warmed to rt and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc, washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (4 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to yield the desired product (260 mg, 44%) as a yellow gum. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.75 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.33-7.27 (m, 3H), 7.14 (dd, J=7.3, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 4.46-4.38 (m, 2H), 4.00-3.95 (m, 2H), 3.72 (br. s., 1H), 3.51 (br. s., 1H), 3.35-3.10 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.39 (m, 6H), 1.34-1.29 (m, 9H).

Intermediate 103F 2-Methyl-N-(1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-4-oxo-4-p-tolyl-2-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)butan-2-yl)propane-2-sulfinamide

Mg turnings were suspended in 0.1 N aq HCl for a few minutes, rinsed with water, MeOH and dried under vacuum. A flame dried flask equipped with a stir bar was charged with Mg turnings (0.243 g, 10 mmol), anhydrous THF (4.4 mL) and 4-bromotoluene (1.71 g, 10 mmol) in anhydrous THF (4.4 mL) followed by several drops of 1,2-dibromoethane. The reaction initiated in a few minutes and the mixture became warm. The approximate concentration of the Grignard reagent is 1 M. The mixture was diluted with 10 mL anhydrous THF to produce a clear solution of p-tolylmagnesium bromide (˜0.5 M). To a solution of Intermediate 103E (260 mg, 0.396 mmol) in THF (3959 μL) at 0° C. was added the freshly prepared p-tolylmagnesium bromide (3959 μL, 1.980 mmol). The reaction was warmed to rt, concentrated to half of the original volume, and stirred for 3 h. The reaction was cooled to 0° C., quenched with sat'd aq NH₄Cl, and then diluted with EtOAc. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (24 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to afford the desired product (60 mg, 24%) as a yellow gum. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.73 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.19 (s, 1H), 4.01 (br. s., 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.31 (dd, J=16.2, 10.2 Hz, 2H), 2.10-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.25 (s, 9H).

Intermediate 103G β-Amino-2,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-p-tolyl-3-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)butan-1-one, HCl

To a solution of Intermediate 103F (30 mg, 0.052 mmol) in MeOH (0.5 mL) was added 4.0 M HCl (0.026 mL, 0.105 mmol) in dioxane. The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated and the crude product was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₁H₁₉F₈NO₂ 469.13. found [M+H] 470.1.

Intermediate 103H Ethyl 5,5-difluoro-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate

Intermediate 103G (268 mg, 0.530 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH and then passed through NaHCO₃ resin (500 mg; 0.9 mmol). The solution was concentrated to yield the free base (230 mg). The free base was dissolved in 9:1 CH₂Cl₂/pyridine (3 mL) added ethyl 3-chloro-3-oxopropanoate (160 mg, 1.060 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 24 h and then concentrated. The residue was taken up with EtOH (1 mL) and treated with piperidine (20 uL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 24 h and then concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to yield the desired product (100 mg, 33%) as a foam. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₆H₂₃F₈NO₄ 565.15. found [M+H] 566.1.

Intermediate 103I 5,5-Difluoro-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid

To a solution of Intermediate 103H (100 mg, 0.177 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added 2 M LiOH (0.4 mL, 0.800 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 15 min. LC-MS indicated the product to be the major component along with a trace amount of SM and 14% of the corresponding methyl ester. 2 M LiOH (100 uL) was then added and the reaction was stirred at 100° C. for an additional 15 min. The reaction was concentrated, acidified with 1 N HCl, and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to yield the desired product (75 mg, 78%) as a solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₄H₁₉F₈NO₄ 537.12. found [M+H] 537.9.

Example 103

To a solution of Intermediate 103I (20 mg, 0.037 mmol) in MeCN (1 mL) was added 3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-3-ol (7.60 mg, 0.056 mmol), 4-aminobenzonitrile (6.59 mg, 0.056 mmol), and EDC (10.70 mg, 0.056 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeCN and purified by preparative HPLC (MeCN/H₂O/TFA) to yield the desired product (11 mg, 46%) as a solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₃₁H₂₃F₈N₃O₃ 637.16. found [M+H] 637.9. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.67 (d, J=9.08 Hz, 2H), 7.56-7.63 (m, 4H), 7.22-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.09 (m, 2H), 4.12 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 2.33-2.44 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.02-2.09 (m, 2H).

Example 104 (S)-3-Amino-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one

Intermediate 104A (S)-2-(1,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-N-(1,1,1-trifluoro-4-oxo-4-p-tolyl-2-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)butan-2-yl)acetamide

To a solution of 2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)acetic acid (592 mg, 2.88 mmol) in dry DCM (10 mL) was added PPh₃ (2269 mg, 8.65 mmol) fairy rapidly, and then CCl₃CN (500 mg, 3.46 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h and a solution of Intermediate 2F, isomer 2 (500 mg, 1.15 mmol) in dry DCM (3 mL), followed by pyridine (0.3 mL) were added. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was diluted with DCM (10 mL) and washed with sat'd NaHCO₃ (2×8 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to yield the desired product (620 mg, 87%). LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₃₁H₂₆F₆N₂O₅ 620.17. found [M+H] 621.3.

Intermediate 104B (S)-2-(2-Oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione

Intermediate 104A (145 mg, 0.234 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (2.2 mL) and then 1 N NaOH (0.2 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 69° C. for 45 min and added another 0.2 mL of 1 N NaOH. The reaction was heated at 130° C. under microwave conditions for 10 min. The mixture was neutralized with 1 N HCl and then concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (12 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to yield the desired product (80 mg, 57%). LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₃₁H₂₄F₆N₂O₄ 602.16. found [M+H] 603.3.

Example 104

To a solution of Intermediate 104B (80 mg, 0.133 mmol) in 1 mL of EtOH was added 1 mL of 2 N MeNH₂ in MeOH. The mixture was stirred at 67° C. for 24 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (4 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to yield the desired product (32.3 mg, 52%) as a light brown solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₃H₂₂F₆N₂O₂ 472.16. found [M+H] 473.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.49 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.31-7.17 (m, 4H), 7.04-6.92 (m, 2H), 4.08 (s, 2H), 3.46 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.30 (m, 5H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 2H).

Example 105 (S)-2-Methyl-N-(2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl)benzamide

To a solution of 104 (15 mg, 0.032 mmol) in dry DCM (0.5 mL) was added 2-methylbenzoyl chloride (5.4 mg, 0.035 mmol) and pyridine (2.8 μL, 0.035 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h and then concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC (MeCN/H₂O/TFA) to yield the desired product. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₃₁H₂₈F₆N₂O₃ 590.20. found [M+H] 591.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.56 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.11-7.29 (m, 8H), 6.98 (d, J=9.08 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (t, J=6.05 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (d, J=17.06 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (d, J=16.78 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.30-2.42 (m, 2H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 1.98-2.06 (m, 2H).

Example 106 (S)-3-Phenoxy-4-p-tolyl-6-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one

Intermediate 106A (S)-2-Phenoxy-N-(1,1,1-trifluoro-4-oxo-4-p-tolyl-2-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)butan-2-yl)acetamide

To a mixture of triphenylphosphine (138 mg, 0.318 mmol) in dry DCM (0.8 mL) was added 2-phenoxyacetic acid (26 mg, 0.173 mmol), followed by trichloroacetonitrile (30 mg, 0.208 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 2.5 h. To the mixture was added a solution of Intermediate 2F, isomer 2 (30 mg, 0.069 mmol) in dry DCM (0.5 mL) followed by pyridine (17 μL, 0.208 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was concentrated and purified by preparative HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to yield the desired product (27 mg, 69%) as a brown oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₉H₂₇F₆NO₄ 567.18. found [M+H] 568.3.

Example 106

To a solution of Intermediate 106A (26 mg, 0.046 mmol) in MeOH (0.5 mL) was added 1 N NaOH (60 μL). The mixture was heated at 130° C. under microwave conditions for 10 min. The mixture was neutralized with 1 N HCl and concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC (MeCN/H₂O/TFA) to yield the desired product (1.5 mg, 6%) as a light brown oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₉H₂₅F₆NO₃ 549.17. found [M+H] 550.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.59 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.01-7.08 (m, 4H), 6.85-6.90 (m, 1H), 6.38 (dd, J=8.67, 0.96 Hz, 2H), 4.10-4.15 (m, 2H), 3.71-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.67 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.02-2.11 (m, 2H).

Example 107 6-(4-Butoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

Intermediate 107A (Z)—N-(1-(4-Butoxyphenyl)ethylidene)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide

To a stirred solution of 1-(4-butoxyphenyl)ethanone (3 g, 15.60 mmol) and 2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (2.84 g, 23.41 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added tetraethoxytitanium (8.90 g, 39.0 mmol). The reaction was heated to 70° C. for 3 d. Cold water was added and the reaction was stirred vigorously for 20 min. The mixture was filtered through Celite® and the filtrated was diluted with EtOAc. The organic solution was washed with H₂O, brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was by silica gel chromatography (220 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to yield the desired product (4 g, 87%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.88 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 4.02 (t, J=6.46 Hz, 2H), 2.73 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.32 (s, 9H), 0.99 (t, J=7.43 Hz, 3H).

Intermediate 107B Methyl 3-(4-butoxyphenyl)-3-(1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)butanoate

To a stirred solution of diisopropylamine (3.86 mL, 27.1 mmol) in THF (40 mL) at −78° C. was added n-butyllithium (22.57 mL, 27.1 mmol) dropwise. The reaction was slowly warmed up to −20° C. and stirred for 45 min. The reaction was cooled to −78° C. and methyl acetate (2.006 g, 27.1 mmol) was added dropwise. After 30 min, chlorotitanium triisopropoxide (8.09 mL, 33.8 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h. Intermediate 107A (4 g, 13.54 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added dropwise and the reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by addition of sat'd NH₄Cl solution and stirred vigorously while warmed to rt. The mixture was filtered through Celite® and washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was washed with H₂O, brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (220 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to yield the desired product (4.33 g, 87%) as a light yellow oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₉H₃₁NO₄S 369.20. found [M+H] 370.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.31 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 3.95 (t, J=6.46 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 2H), 1.74-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.74 (s, 3H), 1.44-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.29 (s, 9H), 0.98 (t, J=7.43 Hz, 3H).

Intermediate 107C Methyl β-amino-3-(4-butoxyphenyl)butanoate

To a stirred solution of Intermediate 107B (1 g, 2.71 mmol) in MeOH (6 mL) was added 4 N HCl (3.38 mL, 13.53 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 4 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with saturated NaHCO₃, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to yield the desired product (700 mg, 97%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.38 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 3.95 (t, J=6.46 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 1.73-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.53 (s, 2H), 1.45-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.19 (s, 3H), 0.98 (t, J=7.29 Hz, 3H).

Intermediate 107D Methyl 3-(4-butoxyphenyl)-3-(2-cyanoacetamido)butanoate

To a stirred solution of 2-cyanoacetic acid (128 mg, 1.507 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (0.754 mL, 1.507 mmol) and 1 drop of DMF. The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h and then concentrated. The resulting acid chloride was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and was then added to Intermediate 107C (200 mg, 0.754 mmol) and pyridine (0.183 mL, 2.261 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). The reaction was stirred at rt for 5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with saturated NH₄Cl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (24 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to yield the desired product (218 mg, 87%) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (t, J=6.46 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.30 (s, 2H), 3.03 (d, J=15.13 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (d, J=15.13 Hz, 1H), 1.80 (s, 3H), 1.71-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.53 (m, 2H), 0.97 (t, J=7.29 Hz, 3H).

Intermediate 107E 6-(4-Butoxyphenyl)-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

To a stirred solution of Intermediate 107D (218 mg, 0.656 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added 4.37 M NaOMe (0.750 mL, 3.28 mmol) in methanol solution. The reaction was heated to 55° C. for 5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1 M HCl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to yield the desired product (200 mg, 102%) as a light yellow solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₇H₂₀N₂O₃ 300.15. found [M+H] 301.1.

Intermediate 107F 6-(4-Butoxyphenyl)-4-chloro-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

To a stirred solution of Intermediate 107E (130 mg, 0.433 mmol) in ClCH₂CH₂Cl (3 mL) was added POCl₃ (0.056 mL, 0.606 mmol) and Hunig's base (0.113 mL, 0.649 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 30 min and then heated to 85° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with saturated NH₄Cl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (24 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to yield the desired product (102 mg, 74%) as a white solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₇H₁₉ClN₂O₂ 318.11. found [M+H] 319.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (t, J=6.60 Hz, 2H), 2.05 (s, 2H), 1.74-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.69 (s, 3H), 1.46-1.55 (m, 2H), 0.99 (t, J=7.43 Hz, 3H).

Example 107

To a stirred solution of Intermediate 107F (11 mg, 0.035 mmol), p-tolylboronic acid (5.63 mg, 0.041 mmol), and 1,1′-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)ferrocene palladium dichloride (2.270 mg, 3.45 μmol) in dioxane (1 mL) was added CsF (10.48 mg, 0.069 mmol). The reaction was degassed for 10 min and heated to 80° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc, washed with H₂O, brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude material was purified by preparative HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to yield the desired product (5.7 mg, 44%) as a brown solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₂ 374.20. found [M+H] 375.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.41 (d, J=8.14 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (d, J=8.14 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 3.96 (t, J=6.38 Hz, 2H), 3.46 (d, J=18.05 Hz, 1H), 3.24 (d, J=17.83 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.69-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.65 (s, 3H), 1.43-1.55 (m, 2H), 0.97 (t, J=7.48 Hz, 3H).

Example 108 6-(5-Hexyloxazol-2-yl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

Intermediate 108A Ethyl 2-(2-cyanoacetamido)-2-methyl-4-oxo-4-p-tolylbutanoate

To a solution of Intermediate 3C (2.192 g, 21.18 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) under argon was added Intermediate 102C (1.2 g, 4.81 mmol), pyridine (0.779 mL, 9.63 mmol) and DMAP (0.059 g, 0.481 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was loaded onto silica gel (25 g) and washed with EtOAc (4×50 mL). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to a dark red oil. The oil was dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL) and washed with water (2×50 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (80 g silica gel, eluted with EtOAc in hexanes) to afford the desired product (1.28 g, 84%) as yellow oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₇H₂₀N₂O₄ 316.1. found [M+H] 317.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.82 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.24-7.29 (m, 2H), 4.45 (d, J=18.2 Hz, 1H), 4.22-4.31 (m, 2H), 3.47 (d, J=18.2 Hz, 1H), 3.28-3.38 (m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 1.74 (s, 3H), 1.24 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

Intermediate 108B Ethyl 5-cyano-2-methyl-6-oxo-4-p-tolyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate

Intermediate 108A (1.2837 g, 4.06 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of THF (15 mL) and water (3.00 mL) in a 25 mL 1 neck pear shaped flask that was equipped with a magnetic stirrer. Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.204 g, 4.87 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was acidified to pH 4 with AcOH, diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and the solution was washed with water (20 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give the desired product (1.40 g, 115%) as yellow oil. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₇H₁₈N₂O₃ 298.1. found [M+H] 299.1.

Intermediate 108C 5-Cyano-2-methyl-6-oxo-4-p-tolyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylic acid

Intermediate 108B (1.211 g, 4.06 mmol) was dissolved in acetic acid (95 mL) in a 250 mL 1 neck pear shaped flask that was equipped with a magnetic stirrer. HCl (11.67 mL, 142 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give the desired product as a pale yellow solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₅H₁₄N₂O₃ 270.1. found [M+H] 271.0. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (d, J=18.2 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (d, J=18.2 Hz, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.54 (s, 3H).

Intermediate 108D Ethyl 5-hexyloxazole-4-carboxylate

Ethyl 2-isocyanoacetate (1.0 g, 8.84 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (5 mL) in a 25 mL 1 neck pear shaped flask that was equipped with a magnetic stirrer and an Ar inlet. DBU (1.999 mL, 13.26 mmol) and heptanoyl chloride (1.770 mL, 11.49 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL). The phases were separated and the organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to a a dark oil. The desired product was isolated by distillation at 90-95° C. at 0.3 mmHg as a clear oil (0.89 g, 45%). LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₂H₁₉NO₃ 225.1. found [M+H] 226.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.76 (s, 1H), 4.37 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.03 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.71-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.38 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.35-1.26 (m, 6H), 0.86 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 3H).

Intermediate 108E 1-Aminooctan-2-one, HCl salt

Intermediate 108D (0.8889 g, 3.95 mmol) was stirred in HCl (16.44 mL, 99 mmol) in a 100 mL 1 neck pear shaped flask that was equipped with a magnetic stirrer. The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. and stirred for 6 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to a tan solid that was triturated in ether (15 mL). The slurry was filtered and was washed with ether (3 mL). The filter cake was dried under vacuum to give the desired product (0.57 g, 80%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 3.97 (s, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.62 (quin, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.26-1.40 (m, 6H), 0.88-0.93 (m, 3H).

Intermediate 108F 5-Cyano-2-methyl-6-oxo-N-(2-oxooctyl)-4-p-tolyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxamide

Intermediate 108C (0.1 g, 0.370 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (4 mL) in a 10 mL 1 neck pear shaped flask that was equipped with a magnetic stirrer and an Ar inlet. EDC (0.099 g, 0.518 mmol), HOBT (0.068 g, 0.444 mmol), Intermediate 108E (0.080 g, 0.444 mmol) and DIEA (0.194 mL, 1.110 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to an orange oil that was purified by silica gel chromatography (40 g silica gel, eluted with 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product (0.09 g, 61%) as yellow oil.

Example 108

Intermediate 108F (0.045 g, 0.114 mmol) was dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) in a 10 mL 1 neck pear shaped flask that was equipped with a magnetic stirrer and an Ar inlet. POCl₃ (0.042 mL, 0.455 mmol) and DIEA (0.089 mL, 0.512 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 85° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice/water bath and was quenched with water (3 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×5 mL) and the organic phases were combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to a brown oil. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to yield the desired product (3.5 mg, 8%) as a yellow solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₃H₂₇N₃O₂ 377.2. found [M+H] 378.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.60 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.81 (br. s., 1H), 3.65 (d, J=17.9 Hz, 1H), 3.09 (d, J=17.9 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.57-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.23-1.42 (m, 6H), 0.89 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 3H).

Example 109 6-(1-Heptyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

Intermediate 109A 5-Cyano-N-methoxy-N,2-dimethyl-6-oxo-4-p-tolyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxamide

Intermediate 108C (0.25 g, 0.925 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (15 mL) in a 25 mL 1 neck rb flask that was equipped with a magnetic stirrer and an Ar inlet. N,O-Dimethylhydroxylamine (0.062 g, 1.017 mmol), EDC (0.195 g, 1.017 mmol) and N-methylmorpholine (0.112 mL, 1.017 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (10 mL) and washed with water (5 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to a dark solid. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (40 g silica gel, eluted with 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product (0089 g, 31%) as a white solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₇H₁₉N₃O₃ 313.3. found [M+H] 314.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.67 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.69-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.22 (s, 3H), 2.72 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 1.63 (s, 3H).

Intermediate 109B 6-Methyl-2-oxo-6-propioloyl-4-p-tolyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

Intermediate 109A (0.0887 g, 0.283 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) in a 25 mL 1 neck pear shaped flask that was equipped with a magnetic stirrer and an Ar inlet. Ethynylmagnesium bromide (5.66 mL, 2.83 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred at 35° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, quenched with sat′ d. aq NH₄Cl (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The organic phases were combined and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (24 g silica gel, eluted with 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product (0.06 g, 78%) as an orange solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₁₂H₁₄N₂O₂ 278.1. found [M+H] 279.0.

Example 109

Intermediate 109B (0.0613 g, 0.220 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (3 mL) in a 25 mL 1 neck pear shaped flask that was equipped with a magnetic stirrer. Heptylhydrazine, HCl (0.073 g, 0.441 mmol) and TEA (0.061 mL, 0.441 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by preparative HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to yield the desired product (3.2 mg, 4%) as a white solid. LCMS Anal. Calc'd for C₂₄H₃₀N₄O 390.2. found [M+H] 391.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.55 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.25-7.30 (m, 2H), 6.35 (s, 1H), 6.15 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 3.98-4.08 (m, 2H), 3.57 (d, J=17.9 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (d, J=17.9 Hz, 1H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 1.81 (quin, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.70-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.68 (s, 3H), 1.16-1.34 (m, 6H), 0.87 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

Examples 110-273 expressed by Formula (II), unless noted in the table, may be made by one skilled in the art by appropriate application of the procedures described for Examples 1-16 and Examples 102-. R¹¹ to R¹⁵ are hydrogen, unless noted in the table.

(II)

Example R¹ R² R³ = R⁴ R⁶ R¹¹—R¹⁵ [M + H] ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 110 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 608.1 8.13 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.20-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.94 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 6.67 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (br. s., 3H), 3.56-3.38 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.25 (m, 5H), 2.10-2.01 (m, 2H). 111 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 645.2 7.88 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.75-3.46 (m, 2H), 2.43- 2.32 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.11-1.97 (m, 2H). 112 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 480.0 113 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 526.1 9.07 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.16-7.09 (m, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.09-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.93-6.86 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (s, 1H), 3.92 (d, J = 17.6 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (d, J = 17.6 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.34 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.12-2.02 (m, 2H). 114 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 524.1 115 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 577.2 116 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 554.2 7.42 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (br. s., 1H), 6.95 (dd, J = 15.0, 8.4 Hz, 4H), 3.97 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.16-2.04 (m, 2H), 1.86- 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.50 (m, 2H), 0.93-0.79 (m, 3H) 117 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 540.1 7.43 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.03-6.91 (m, 5H), 3.99 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.65-3.53 (m, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.23- 2.11 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.72 (m, 2H) 118 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 576.1 7.44 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (dd, J = 11.4, 8.7 Hz, 4H), 6.80 (br. s., 1H), 4.07- 4.01 (m, 2H), 3.59 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.33-2.19 (m, 2H), 2.10 (dd, J = 9.5, 5.6 Hz, 2H) 119 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 541.2 7.44 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.21-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.14- 7.09 (m, 2H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 3H), 3.58-3.27 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.27 (m, 5H), 2.09 (dd, J = 9.5, 5.9 Hz, 2H), 0.97- 0.80 (m, 2H), 0.75-0.61 (m, 2H), 0.38 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 2H) 120 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 555.2 7.43 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.20-7.03 (m, 5H), 6.97- 6.88 (m, 2H), 4.36-4.22 (m, 1H), 4.08-3.98 (m, 2H), 3.53-3.27 (m, 2H), 2.44- 2.16 (m, 8H), 2.12-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.51 (m, 4H) 121 S isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 583.3 7.49-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.22- 7.07 (m, 4H), 6.97-6.84 (m, 3H), 6.74 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.10-3.95 (m, 3H), 3.77-3.62 (m, 1H), 3.52- 3.26 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.25 (m, 6H), 2.15-1.96 (m, 3H), 1.86-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.64- 1.44 (m, 4H), 1.35-1.16 (m, 3H), 1.14-0.93 (m, 4H) 122 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 593.3 7.55 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.14-7.09 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.02-6.97 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.68-6.62 (m, 2H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.09- 2.00 (m, 2H). 123 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 515.2 7.57-7.50 (m, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.23 (m, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.23-7.19 (m, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.02-6.97 (m, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 2.45-2.37 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.11-1.99 (m, 2H). 124 Rac

CF₃ F

R¹³ = CH₃ 643.3 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.25-7.17 (m, 6H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (br. s., 1H), 6.78 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.81-3.71 (m, 3H), 2.44-2.27 (m, 5H), 2.13- 2.03 (m, 2H) 125 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 512.1 7.45 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 3H), 7.13 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 4H), 4.18 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 3.68-3.52 (m, 2H), 2.67- 2.56 (m, 2H) 126 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 466.2 127 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 480.1 7.50-7.40 (m, 4H), 7.16 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (br. s., 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.17 (br. s., 1H), 2.36 (s, 5H), 2.21 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 2H), 1.82-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.62 (m, 2H) 128 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 591.3 129 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 591.3 130 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 568.2 8.47 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.61-7.54 (ab quartet, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.20 (ab quartet, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.19-7.15 (ab quartet, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.04-6.98 (m, 2H), 6.93-6.87 (m, 1H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (d, J = 16.8 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.34 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.12- 2.01 (m, 3H). 131 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 581.3 132 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 570.2 133 Rac

CF₃ F

R¹³ = CH₃ 643.1 8.07 (br. s., 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.15 (m, 6H), 6.96 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.09-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 2.39-2.25 (m, 5H), 2.12-2.02 (m, 2H) 134 Rac

CF₃ F

R¹³ = CH₃ 680.9 135 Rac

CF₃ F

R¹³ = CH₃ 626.9 136 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 594.1 137 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 661.1 138 Rac

CF₃ F CN R¹³ = CH₃ 422.8 140 Rac

CF₃ F

R¹³ = CH₃ 643.9 141 Rac

CF₃ F

R¹³ = CH₃ 604.9 142 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹¹ = F R¹³ = OCH₃ 560.1 9.17 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.07-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.95 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (dd, J = 12.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.90-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.74-3.66 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.12- 1.94 (m, 2H). 143 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₃ 542.1 9.05 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 6.97-6.88 (m, 1H), 6.86-6.76 (m, 1H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.92-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.75 (S, 3H), 2.45- 2.29 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.94 (m, 2H). 144 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹³ = OCHF₂ 535.1 7.65 (br. s., 2H), 7.53 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.32-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.05-6.98 (m, 2H), 6.96 (t, J = 75 Hz, 1H), 4.14- 3.97 (m, 2H), 3.73 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 2H), 2.42-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.96 (m, 2H). 145 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ 513.1 7.64 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 4H), 4.12 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.08-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.82-3.58 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.26 (m, 2H), 2.08- 1.95 (m, 2H), 1.41 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 146 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² and R¹³  

519.1 8.15 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.01- 7.96 (m, 2H), 7.93 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.67-7.54 (m, 5H), 7.06-7.00 (m, 2H), 4.08 (s, 2H), 3.93-3.77 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.13-1.92 (m, 2H). 147 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹³ = CH₃ 469.1 7.55 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.52- 7.49 (m, 2H), 7.33 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.04-6.99 (m, 2H), 4.24 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.77-3.66 (m, 2H), 2.75- 2.63 (m, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H). 148 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹¹ = CH₃ R¹³ = CH₃ 621.2 7.49-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.03-6.65 (m, 7H), 4.07-3.99 (m, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.51-3.42 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.14 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.21 (m, 8H), 2.11- 1.99 (m, 2H). 149 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCHF₂ 578.1 9.09 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.08-7.03 (m, 6H), 6.97-6.68 (m, 1H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (d, J = 17.9 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (d, J = 17.9 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.98 (m, 2H). 150 S-isomer

CF₃ F

R¹³ = CH₃ 582.2 7.54 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.23-7.11 (m, 4H), 7.03- 6.94 (m, 2H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (s, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (d, J = 16.8 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.29 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 6H), 2.12-1.96 (m, 2H). 151 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 568.2 152 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 568.2 153 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 579.2 154 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 583.1 7.58-7.49 (ab quartet, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.03-6.92 (m, 2H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (d, J = 17.3 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.43-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.09-1.97 (m, 2H). 155 Rac

CH₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 478.4 156 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹¹ = CH₃ R¹³ = CH₃ 540.1 157 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 582.2 158 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 613.2 159 Rac

CF₃ F

R¹³ = CH₃ 562.2 160 Rac

CF₃ F CN R¹³ = CH₃ 519.2 161 Rac

CH₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 464.3 162 Rac

CF₃ F

R¹³ = CH₃ 628.9 163 Rac

CF₃ F

R¹³ = CH₃ 656.9 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.25-7.16 (m, 6H), 7.02-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.82- 6.73 (m, 2H), 6.60 (br. s., 1H), 4.01 (td, J = 6.1, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.24-2.10 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.83- 1.74 (m, 2H), 1.67 (br. s., 3H) 164 Rac

CF₃ F

R¹³ = CH₃ 671.0 165 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 561.2 7.59 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.35- 7.28 (m, 4H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 3H), 7.06-6.99 (m, 4H), 6.98-6.93 (m, 2H), 3.66 (d, J = 17.3 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (d, J = 17.3 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H). 166 Rac

CH₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 492.2 167 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OHCF₂ 620.2 8.38 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.34-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.04 (ab quartet, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.99-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 4.26 (br. s., 1H), 4.05 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.97 (m, 2H). 168 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 611.2 169 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 611.2 170 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 629.2 171 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 629.3 172 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₃ 584.2 8.37 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.17 (m, 2H), 6.99- 6.91 (m, 2H), 6.89-6.82 (m, 3H), 4.05 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.68 (d, J = 16.8 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.98 (m, 2H). 173 Rac

CH₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 618.4 7.34 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.79 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.43-3.37 (d, J = 17.5 Hz, 1H), 3.22 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.86-2.80 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H), 1.31-1.21 (m, 28H), 0.88 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H) 174 Rac

CH₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 506.4 175 Rac

CH₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 512.4 176 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₃ 598.2 7.54 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.32-7.23 (m, 2H), 6.97 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.71 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.26 (m, 3H), 2.08- 1.97 (m, 2H). 177 Rac

CH₃ H CN R¹³ = CH₃ 382.3 178 Rac

CH₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 526.4 179 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 648.2 7.54 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.23-7.11 (m, 4H), 7.03- 6.93 (m, 3H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.97 (m, 2H). 180 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 674.3 181 Rac

CF₃ F

R¹³ = CH₃ 547.0 182 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 510.3 183 Rac S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 554.3 7.57-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.13- 7.05 (m, 2H), 7.02-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.77 (m, 2H), 4.07-3.99 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.19-2.07 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.69- 1.55 (m, 4H) 184 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹³ = CH₃ 511.1 7.46 (dd, J = 12.1, 8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.31 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 4.32-4.22 (m, 1H), 4.00 (s, 2H), 3.67-3.55 (m, 1H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.23-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.50 (m, 5H) 185 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 678.3 186 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 540.3 187 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 598.3 7.57-7.50 (m, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.21-7.12 (m, 4H), 7.01-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.71 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.98 (m, 2H). 188 Rac

CH₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 450.1 189 Rac

CH₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 484.1 190 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 662.3 191 Rac

CH₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 520.2 192 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 526.3 193 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₃ 542.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃: MeOD (1:1)) δ 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.79 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.69 (d, J = 17.7 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (d, J = 17.7 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.06 (dq, J = 12.1, 6.3 Hz, 2H). 194 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 432.3 7.21 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 3.39 (d, J = 18.5 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (d, J = 18.9 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.23 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.55- 1.47 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.23 (m, 6H), 0.87 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 195 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 460.4 7.21 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.32 (s, 1H), 3.37 (AB quartet, J = 18.7 Hz, 2H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.23 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.51 (quin, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.39- 1.20 (m, 10H), 0.91-0.84 (m, 3H). 196 R-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 460.4 7.17 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 3.43-3.32 (m, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.23 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.55-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.37-1.22 (m, 10H). 197 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 388.3 7.20 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.34 (s, 1H), 3.38, 3.32 (ABq, J = 18.9 Hz, 2H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 1.28 (tt, J = 8.3, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 0.89-0.83 (m, 2H), 0.76-0.71 (m, 2H). 198 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 452.3 7.30-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.22- 7.13 (m, 5H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 3.33 (d, J = 18.9 Hz, 1H), 3.26 (d, J = 18.9 Hz, 1H), 2.85-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.57- 2.53 (m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H) 199 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 418.3 7.19 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 3.38, 3.35 (ABq, J = 18.9 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.24 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.63 (dquin, J = 13.4, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 1.41 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 0.88 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H) 200 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 663.2 9.63 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 4.13 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.48 (d, J = 18.4 Hz, 1H), 3.25 (d, J = 18.4 Hz, 1H), 2.42-2.31 (m, 3H), 2.08-2.03 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.62- 1.53 (m, 2H), 1.41-1.31 (m, 2H) 201 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 645.3 10.16 (s, 1H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (t, J = 74.3 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.41-3.37 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 1H), 3.35-3.31 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.23- 2.17 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.44 (m, 2H), 1.31-1.22 (m, 2H). 202 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₂OCH₃ 556.3 ¹HNMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.57 (s, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 4.36 (s, 2H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (d, J = 17.5 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (d, J = 17.5 Hz, 1H), 3.27 (s, 3H), 2.48-2.37 (m, 2H), 2.01- 1.89 (m, 2H) 203 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹² = F R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ 574.3 204 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 512.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD:CDCl₃ (1:1)) δ 7.61 (s, 2H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (dd, J = 10.4, 8.3 Hz, 4H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.24 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.71 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 3.08-3.03 (m, 4H), 2.67 (qt, J = 10.8, 6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.78 (dq, J = 11.3, 5.5 Hz, 4H), 1.69 (q, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H). 205 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCHF₂ 578.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃: MeOD (1:1)) δ 7.61 (s, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05- 6.96 (m, 5H), 6.66 (t, J = 73.4 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (d, J = 17.9 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.11-2.02 (m, 2H). 206 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 498.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD- CDCl₃ (1:1)) δ 7.60-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.07 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (q, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (s, 1H). 207 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹² R¹³ =  

562.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃: MeOD (1:1)) δ 7.81-7.73 (m, 2H), 7.72 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.60-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.53-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.11-2.01 (m, 2H). 208 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ 556.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3: MeOD (1:1)) δ 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.77 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (d, J = 17.7 Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.10-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.38 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). 209 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹² R¹³ =  

570.2 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.51 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.70 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.25-4.14 (m, 4H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (d, J = 18.2 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (d, J = 18.5 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (ddd, J = 16.4, 8.0, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 1.93 (dq, J = 12.3, 6.4 Hz, 2H). 210 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹² R¹³ =  

566.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.42 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 6.56 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (d, J = 17.9 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (s, 2H), 2.56 (s, 2H), 2.42 (ddd, J = 11.4, 8.3, 5.2 Hz, 2H), 1.98- 1.88 (m, 2H), 1.65 (p, J = 2.8 Hz, 4H). 211 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹² R¹³ =  

556.2 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.37 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.75 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.48 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (d, J = 17.6 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (d, J = 17.7 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.35 (m, 2H), 1.93 (dd, J = 9.9, 5.4 Hz, 2H). 212 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹¹ R¹² =  

  R¹³ = OCH₃ 582.3 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.30 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.71 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.12-4.01 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.67 (m, 1H), 3.60 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 1H), 2.67-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.46- 2.35 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.07 (m, 2H), 1.97-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.69 (m, 2H). 213 S-isomer

CHF₂ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 508.3 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.10 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.33 (t, J = 55.0 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.57 (d, J = 17.9 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (d, J = 18.2 Hz, 1H), 2.44 (ddd, J = 11.4, 8.1, 5.2 Hz, 2H), 1.99-1.91 (m, 2H). 214 R-isomer

H H

R¹³ = CH₃ 539.4 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.97 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (dd, J = 10.3, 8.2 Hz, 4H), 7.13 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.82-4.73 (m, 1H), 4.05 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.83- 3.72 (m, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 2.88 (qd, J = 17.0, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 1.94 (dq, J = 12.5, 6.4 Hz, 2H). 215 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = CH₃ R¹³ = OCH₃ 513.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.30 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 4.10-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.67-3.55 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.27-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.22 (s, 2H), 2.10-2.00 (m, 2H) 216 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = OCH₃ R¹³ = OCH₃ 529.1 217 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = CH₃ R¹³ = CH₃ 497.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.23 (m, 3H), 6.99-6.94 (m, 2H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 4.06 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (s, 2H), 2.38-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.01 (m, 2H) 218 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = F R¹³ = OCH₃ 517.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.49-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.40 (dd, J = 11.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.00- 6.93 (m, 2H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 4.05 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.61 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 2H), 2.39-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.09-2.01 (m, 2H) 219 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = F R¹³ = CH₃ 501.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.49-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.39- 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.00-6.93 (m, 2H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.08-4.04 (m, 2H), 3.60 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.32- 2.28 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.00 (m, 2H) 220 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹¹ = F R¹³ = Cl 521.0 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.48-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.36- 7.28 (m, 3H), 7.00-6.95 (m, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (q, J = 1.0 Hz, 2H), 2.40- 2.28 (m, 2H), 2.10-2.02 (m, 2H) 221 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = CH₃ R¹³ = Cl 517.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.30 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 4.10-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.67-3.55 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.27-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.22 (s, 2H), 2.10-2.00 (m, 2H) 222 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = Cl R¹³ = Cl 539.0 223 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹¹ = Cl R¹³ = OCH₃ 532.8 224 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹³ = CN 493.9 225 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹³ = NHSO₂CH₃ 562.1 226 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹¹ = Cl R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ 547.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.61-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.06- 7.00 (m, 2H), 7.00-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.89 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.11-4.04 (m, 4H), 3.66 (d, J = 18.3 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (d, J = 18.3 Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.10- 2.02 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.39 (m, 3H) 227 Rac

CF₃ H CN R¹³ = CH₃ 471.2 228 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 609.2 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (d, J = 9.08 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (d, J = 7.98 Hz, 2H), 6.82 (d, J = 9.08 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (t, J = 6.88 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.58 (d, J = 17.33 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (d, J = 17.33 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.13 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 2H), 1.57 (m, 2H), 1.35 (m, 2H). 229 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 595.2 230 Rac

CF₃ H CN R¹³ = CH₃ 434.0 231 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 581.4 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 10.43 (s, 1H), 9.23 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J = 1.65 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 7.98 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 7.98 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2H), 6.34 (d, J = 1.93 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.48 (d, J = 17.06 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (d, J = 17.06 Hz, 1H), 2.43 (m, 2H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 1.95 (m, 2H). 232 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 609.1 8.13 (d, J = 9.63 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (d, J = 9.63 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 7.99 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 9.08 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 3.67 (d, J = 17.33 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (d, J = 17.06 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.03 (m, 2H). 233 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 479.8 234 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = Br 589.9 7.54 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.3 Hz, 4H), 6.85 (br. s., 1H), 4.04 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.69-3.59 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.46 (m, 1H), 2.40- 2.26 (m, 2H), 2.08 (dd, J = 9.4, 6.1 Hz, 2H). 235 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ =  

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.55 (br. s., 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.98-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.87 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.80-3.61 (m, 2H), 2.46- 2.29 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.00-0.88 (m, 2H), 0.69- 0.54 (m, 2H). 236 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ =  

578.0 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.42 (br. s., 1H), 8.47 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.53 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.78-3.63 (m, 2H), 2.46- 2.34 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.86 (m, 2H). 237 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹² R¹³ =  

554.0 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.42 (br. s., 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (br. s., 2H), 3.06 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 2.47- 2.34 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.89 (m, 2H). 238 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ =  

555.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 9.41 (br. s., 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.75-3.55 (m, 2H), 2.89 (s, 6H), 2.42 (dd, J = 16.5, 11.0 Hz, 2H), 2.02-1.84 (m, 2H). 239 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 593.3 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.52 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.15 (m, 4H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (s, 2H), 3.67 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (s, 3H), 2.44-2.28 (m, 5H), 2.09-1.96 (m, 2H). 240 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₃ 514.3 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.65 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.13-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.97- 6.93 (m, 2H), 6.84-6.78 (m, 2H), 4.57 (q, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.72 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H). 241 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₃ 528.3 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.61 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.81 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.71 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 2H), 2.77-2.63 (m, 2H). 242 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCF₃ 582.2 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.62 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.23-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.14- 7.09 (m, 2H), 7.08-7.02 (m, 2H), 4.26 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.83-3.66 (m, 2H), 2.77- 2.63 (m, 2H). 243 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCF₃ 596.3 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.61 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.15- 7.09 (m, 2H), 7.06-7.00 (m, 2H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.82-3.65 (m, 2H), 2.44- 2.30 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 2H). 244 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₃ 556.3 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.58 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.81 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.04 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.70 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 2H), 2.31-2.17 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.80- 1.70 (m, 2H). 245 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCHCF₂ 592.1 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.59 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (s, 4H), 7.02 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (t, J = 74.6 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.74, 3.70 (ABq, J = 18.0 Hz, 2H), 2.31-2.17 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.70 (m, 2H) 246 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 582.3 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.25-7.19 (m, 2H), 7.11 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (s, 3H), 4.07-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.71 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 2H). 247 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₃ 570.1 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.57 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.03-6.92 (m, 4H), 6.84- 6.79 (m, 2H), 4.02 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.70 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 2H), 2.25- 2.11 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.53 (m, 4H). 248 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCHCF₂ 606.3 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.61 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (s, 4H), 7.05-7.01 (m, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (t, J = 73.7 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.76, 3.73 (ABq, J = 18.5 Hz, 2H), 2.28-2.14 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.56 (m, 4H) 249 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 595.3 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.62-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.51- 7.45 (m, 1H), 7.27-7.09 (m, 6H), 7.01-6.95 (m, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.71 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.29 (m, 5H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 2H). 250 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 543.4 8.35 (br. s., 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.18-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.96-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.30 (s, 1H), 4.03 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.25 (m, 8H), 2.11- 2.02 (m, 2H). 251 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCHCF₂ 645.4 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.52 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.04-6.63 (m, 1H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (s, 2H), 3.69 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (s, 3H), 2.44-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.98 (m, 2H). 252 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₃ 623.3 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.51 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.98-6.88 (m, 4H), 4.02 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (s, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.66 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (d, J = 16.7 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.30-2.16 (m, 2H), 1.90- 1.81 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.69 (m, 2H). 253 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 545.4 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22-7.17 (m, 4H), 7.03- 6.96 (m, 2H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.02 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.32 (m, 5H), 2.10-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.19 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 254 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCHCF₂ 596.2 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.53 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.39-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.11 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.00-6.95 (m, 2H), 7.02-6.63 (m, 1H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (d, J = 16.7 Hz, 1H), 2.96 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.43-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.07-1.97 (m, 2H), 0.92 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3H). 255 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 545.3 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.53 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.21- 7.14 (m, 2H), 6.97 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (d, J = 16.7 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.45-2.29 (m, 5H), 2.02 (dd, J = 10.2, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 1.06 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 256 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹¹ = F R¹³ = CH₃ 501.1 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 1.96-2.13 (m, 2 H) 2.24- 2.39 (m, 2 H) 2.41 (s, 3 H) 3.49-3.68 (m, 2 H) 3.75 (s, 1 H) 4.06 (t, J = 5.95 Hz, 2 H) 4.33 (s, 1 H) 6.97 (d, J = 1.00 Hz, 2 H) 7.00-7.14 (m, 2 H) 7.24 (t, J = 7.68 Hz, 1 H) 7.45 (d, J = 1.00 Hz, 2 H) 7.61 (s, 1 H) 257 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹³ = NHCO₂Me 541.5 258 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = Cl R¹³ = OCH₃ 533.1 259 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = Cl R¹³ = CH₃ [M − H] 515.0 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 2.05 (m, J = 9.90, 5.90 Hz, 2 H) 2.22-2.41 (m, 2 H) 2.24-2.42 (m, 2 H) 2.43 (s, 2 H) 3.62 (br. s., 1 H) 4.06 (t, J = 5.95 Hz, 2 H) 4.29-4.48 (m, 2 H) 6.98 (d, J = 8.92 Hz, 1 H) 7.40 (br. s., 1 H) 7.47 (d, J = 8.42 Hz, 1 H) 7.54 (s, 1 H) 7.63 (br. s., 1 H) 260 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹³ = CH₂OCH₃ 513.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 1.97-2.11 (m, 2 H) 2.33 (m, J = 5.40 Hz, 2 H) 3.43 (s, 3 H) 3.63 (s, 2 H) 4.06 (t, J = 5.95 Hz, 2 H) 4.53 (s, 2 H) 6.97 (d, J = 1.00 Hz, 2 H) 7.47 (d, J = 8.42 Hz, 4 H) 7.55 (d, J = 7.93 Hz, 2 H) 7.60 (s, 1 H) 261 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = F R¹³ = OCF₃ 571.1 262 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = OCH₃ R¹³ = CH₃ 513.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 1.95-2.12 (m, 2 H) 2.25 (s, 3 H) 2.27-2.44 (m, 2 H) 3.63 (d, J = 2.48 Hz, 2 H) 3.87 (s, 3 H) 4.05 (t, J = 5.95 Hz, 2 H) 6.97 (m, J = 8.92 Hz, 2 H) 7.08 (d, J = 1.49 Hz, 1 H) 7.24 (s, 1 H) 7.47 (m, J = 8.92 Hz, 2 H) 7.60 (s, 1 H) 263 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = Cl R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ 547.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 1.49 (t, J = 6.94 Hz, 3 H) 1.95-2.12 (m, 2 H) 2.23- 2.41 (m, 2 H) 3.60 (s, 2 H) 4.05 (t, J = 5.95 Hz, 2 H) 4.19 (q, J = 6.90 Hz, 2 H) 6.96 (d, J = 9.41 Hz, 2 H) 7.08 (d, J = 8.92 Hz, 1 H) 7.46 (d, J = 8.92 Hz, 2 H) 7.55 (dd, J = 1.00 Hz, 1 H) 7.60 (s, 1 H) 7.64 (d, J = 1.00 Hz, 1 H) 264 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹² = F R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ [M − H] 529.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 1.47 (t, J = 7.18 Hz, 3 H) 1.95-2.12 (m, 2 H) 2.33 (s, 2 H) 4.06 (t, J = 5.95 Hz, 2 H) 4.19 (q, J = 6.90 Hz, 2 H) 6.97 (d, J = 8.92 Hz, 2 H) 7.12 (t, J = 1.00 Hz, 1 H) 7.37-7.53 (m, 4 H) 7.62 (s, 1 H) 265 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 607.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.88 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.05-6.97 (m, 3H), 6.89 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.85-6.80 (m, 1H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.63 (d, J = 17.3 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (d, J = 17.3 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3 H), 2.07-1.98 (m, 2H). 266 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 544.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.50 (dd, J = 12.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.18 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.12- 7.06 (m, 2H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 4.16 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), , 2.52-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.13-1.98 (m, 2H). 267 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 526.2 268 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 544.2 ¹HNMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.58 (s, 1H), 7.59 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.99-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (d, J = 17.7 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 2.49-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.03-1.78 (m, 2H). 269 S-isomer

CF₃ H CN R¹³ = CH₃ 483.2 ¹HNMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.25-7.19 (m, 2H), 7.11 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (s, 3H), 4.07-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.71 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 2H). 270 R-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 554.1 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.51 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.98-6.88 (m, 4H), 4.02 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (s, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.66 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (d, J = 16.7 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.30-2.16 (m, 2H), 1.90- 1.81 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.69 (m, 2H). 271 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₂CF₃ 594.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, 1:1 MeOD/CDCl₃) δ 7.52 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 4H), 4.04 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.73-3.64 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.35 (d, J = 10.7 Hz, 2H), 2.39-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.13-1.91 (m, 2H). 272 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 540.3 273 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 608.2 1.98-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.33-2.49 (m, 2H), 3.71-3.47 (m, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 4.20-4.02 (m, 2H), 6.95-7.03 (m, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.76 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H). 274 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCHF₂ 624.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.63 (s, 1H), 7.58 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43-6.98 (m, 5H), 6.92 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (d, J = 17.9 Hz, 1H), 2.37-2.14 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.63- 1.32 (m, 4H). 275 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCHF₂ 630.2 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.75 (br. s., 2H), 7.87 (br. s., 2H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.04-6.62 (m, 3H), 4.08 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (br. s., 1H), 3.52 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 2H). 276 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹² R¹³ =  

608.2 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.83-7.66 (m, 3H), 7.61 (s, 2H), 7.56-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.85- 6.67 (m, 2H), 4.05 (d, J = 18.0 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (d, J = 17.9 Hz, 1H), 2.05-2.20 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.74- 1.45 (m, 4H). 277 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ =  

567.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, 1:1 CDCl₃:MeOD) δ 7.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.79- 3.66 (m, 1H), 3.63-3.50 (m, 1H), 2.49 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.40-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.13-1.97 (m, 2H), 0.97- 0.82 (m, 1H), 0.58-0.45 (m, 2H), 0.16 (q, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H). 278 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 558.2 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, 1:1 CDCl₃:MeOD) δ 7.43 (t, J = 9.17 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J = 7.93 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J = 7.93 Hz, 2H), 6.75 (dd, J = 2.48, 8.92 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (dd, J = 2.23, 14.61 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (t, J = 5.95 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (d, J = 17.83 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (d, J = 17.83 Hz, 1H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.21 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.78 (m, 2H). 279 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 573.2 7.79 (br. s., 1H), 7.46-7.38 (m, 7H), 7.22-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.69 (br. s., 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 3.82 (br. s., 2H), 3.63 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H). 280 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCHF₂ 630.2 281 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 582.2 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.92 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J = 8.42 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J = 7.93 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J = 8.92 Hz, 2H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 4.06 (m, 2H), 3.59 (d, J = 17.83 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (d, J = 17.34 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 2.06 (m, 2H). 282 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 651.2 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 4H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 4.33 (br. s., 1H), 4.07- 4.02 (m, 2H), 4.02-3.94 (m, 4H), 3.67-3.56 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.34 (m, 1H), 2.94- 2.78 (m, 2H), 2.33 (s, 5H), 2.09-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 6H). 283 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ 602.2 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.39 (s, 1H), 7.56 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 4H), 6.81 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (d, J = 17.3 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (d, J = 17.7 Hz, 1H), 2.34-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.85- 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.42 (m, 4H), 1.29 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 284 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₂CF₃ 640.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.36 (w, 1H), 7.59 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.07-6.74 (m, 4H), 4.03 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J = 17.7 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (dd, J = 23.3, 11.7 Hz, 2H), 2.33-2.16 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.545- 1.60 (m, 4H). 285 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 484.1 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.58-9.48 (m, 1H), 7.65-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.07 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.04-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.94-6.85 (m, 2H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 3.69 (s, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.63 (q, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.35-1.08 (m, 1H), 0.94-0.77 (m, 1H), 0.51- 0.38 (m, 2H), 0.16-0.06 (m, 2H) 286 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹¹ = F R¹³ = CH₃ 544.2 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 7.62 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (m, 1H), 6.98 (t, J = 7.98 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 11.55 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.93 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (d, J = 18.16 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (d, J = 17.88 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 1.95 (m, 2H). 287 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 568.2 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.47 (s, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J = 7.98 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (t, J = 6.19 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.20-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.71-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.47-1.61 (m, 4H). 288 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 520.0 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.67 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (d, J = 17.6 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (d, J = 17.3 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.31- 2.23 (m, 1H), 1.94-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.23-1.11 (m, 2H), 0.87-0.77 (m, 2H). 289 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 444.1 7.17 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.84 (s, 1H), 3.39 (AB quartet, J = 18.7 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.13 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.77-1.60 (m, 5H), 1.55-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.29- 0.88 (m, 5H). 290 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 468.1 7.36-7.27 (m, 5H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.13 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.57 (AB quartet, J = 11.7 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 3.39 (AB quartet, J = 18.9 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H). 291 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 430.1 7.19 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 3.38 (AB quartet, J = 18.9 Hz, 2H), 2.49-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.81-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.65 (dd, J = 5.9, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 1.54-1.40 (m, J = 12.5, 8.9, 8.9, 8.9 Hz, 3H), 1.38-1.28 (m, 3H). 292 Rac

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 394.5 293 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 432.1 7.19 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 3.38 (AB quartet, J = 18.9 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.23 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.51 (quin, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.40-1.22 (m, 6H), 0.87 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 294 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₃ 468.1 1H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.31-7.15 (m, 5H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.81 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.34 (AB quartet, J = 18.3 Hz, 2H, partially overlapping with solvent), 2.85 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H). 295 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₃ 434.1 1H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.01 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.78 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.40 (s, 2H), 2.29 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.69 (dt, J = 13.5, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.45 (q, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 0.91 (dd, J = 6.9, 2.0 Hz, 6H). 296 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹¹ = F R¹³ = CH₃ 625.2 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 7.55 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d, J = 9.08 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (m, 1H), 7.06 (d, J = 11.83 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J = 7.70 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J = 9.08 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (m, 2H), 3.70 (m, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 2.43 (m, 2H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 1.95 (m, 2H). 297 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 608.1 7.43 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.15- 7.10 (m, 2H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 5.10 (br. s., 1H), 4.03 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (br. s., 2H), 3.62 (d, J = 17.6 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 2.80-2.74 (m, 3H), 2.40- 2.24 (m, 5H), 2.12-2.02 (m, 2H) 298 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 499.1 7.74 (br. s., 1H), 7.26-7.20 (m, 4H), 5.88 (s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 2H), 3.29 (ABq, J = 17.6 Hz, 2H), 2.95 (s, 3H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.23 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.57-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.41-1.25 (m, 6H), 0.89 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) 299 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 578.1 9.08 (br. s., 1H), 8.77 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (br. s., 1H), 8.25 (br. s., 1H), 7.65 (br. s., 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.19-7.11 (m, 4H), 6.95 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 4.04 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (d, J = 17.6 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.25 (m, 5H), 2.12-2.03 (m, 2H). 300 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 484.2 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 9.00 (br. s., 1H), 8.79 (dd, J = 5.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (dd, J = 8.0, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (s, 2H), 2.35-2.27 (m, 5H), 1.60- 1.50 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.27 (m, 4H), 0.93-0.87 (m, 3H). 301 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCHF₂ 624.2 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.53 (s, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J = 13.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.46-6.88 (m, 6H), 4.11 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.77 (d, J = 17.9 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (d, J = 17.9 Hz, 1H), 2.36-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.67- 1.34 (m, 4H). 302 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 525.0 ¹HNMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.50 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.23-7.15 (m, 4H), 6.93 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.00-3.92 (m, 4H), 3.66 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.79 (sxt, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.04 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). 303 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 572.3 304 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹² R13 =  

608.3 ¹HNMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.57 (br. s., 1H), 7.84 (dd, J = 7.84, 13.34 Hz, 2H), 7.71-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.67 (d, J = 12.93 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.57 (m, 3H), 7.26 (t, J = 8.94 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J = 7.70 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (t, J = 6.19 Hz, 2H), 3.79-3.92 (m, 2H), 2.20-2.33 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.65 (m, 4H). 305 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ 602.3 ¹HNMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.38-9.54 (m, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 13.20 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (t, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.53 Hz, 2H), 6.79 (d, J = 8.53 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.33 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (q, J = 6.88 Hz, 2H), 2.20-2.34 (m, 2H), 1.77 (quin, J = 6.81 Hz, 2H), 1.46-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.28 (t, J = 7.02 Hz, 3H). 306 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₂CF₃ 640.2 ¹HNMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.56 (br. s., 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 12.93 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H), 7.20- 7.28 (m, 3H), 7.03 (d, J = 7.98 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (t, J = 6.33 Hz, 2H), 3.71-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.61 (q, J = 11.55 Hz, 2H), 2.20-2.33 (m, 2H), 1.78 (quin, J = 6.74 Hz, 2H), 1.44-1.61 (m, 4H) 307 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCHF₂ 484.1 7.19 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.78 (br. s., 1H), 6.56 (t, J = 73.1 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (AB quartet, J = 18.9 Hz, 2H), 2.24 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.52 (quin, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.41- 1.21 (m, 6H), 0.87 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 308 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ 462.1 7.10 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 4.04 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (AB quartet, J = 18.9 Hz, 2H), 2.22 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.51 (quin, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.39-1.22 (m, 6H), 0.87 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H). 309 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹² R13 =  

612.1 ¹HNMR (500 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 9.52 (br. s., 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 13.20 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.53 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J = 8.94 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J = 7.98 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.58 (d, J = 7.98 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.19 Hz, 2H), 3.64-3.75 (m, 2H), 2.54-2.67 (m, 4H), 2.20-2.34 (m, 2H), 1.77 (quin, J = 6.74 Hz, 2H), 1.67 (br. s., 4H), 1.44-1.61 (m, 4H). 310 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 569.0 ¹HNMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.26-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.18- 7.12 (m, 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 2H). 311 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 475.1 ¹HNMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.34 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (s, 2H), 2.34-2.26 (m, 5H), 1.53 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (br. s., 2H), 1.34- 1.25 (m, 4H), 0.92-0.86 (m, 3H). 312 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃ 529.4 7.73 (br. s., 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.91 (s, 1H), 4.06 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.30, 3.28 (ABq, J = 18.3 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 2.23 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.52 (quin, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.43 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.41- 1.22 (m, 7H), 0.89 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H). 313 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = OCHF₂ 551.0 7.85 (br. s., 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.55 (t, J = 72.4 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 2H), 3.30, 3.28 (ABq, J = 17.8 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (s, 3H), 2.24 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.52 (dt, J = 14.6, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.43-1.23 (m, 6H), 0.89 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 314 S-isomer

CF₃ H

R¹³ = CH₃ 540.3 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (II):

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁶ are the substituents set out in the table below, and wherein R¹ to R¹⁵ are hydrogen, unless otherwise noted in the table below: R¹ R² R³ = R⁴

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CH₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CH₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CH₃ H

CF₃ F

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CH₃ H

CH₃ H

CH₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ F

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ F

CF₃ F

CF₃ F

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ F

CF₃ F

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ F

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CH₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ F

CH₃ H

CF₃ F

CF₃ F

CF₃ F

CF₃ H

CH₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CH₃ H

CH₃ H

CH₃ H

CF₃ H

CH₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ F

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CH₃ H

CH₃ H

CF₃ H

CH₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CHF₂ H

H H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H

CF₃ H R⁶ R¹¹-R¹⁵

R¹³ = CH₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃ NO₂ R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃ H R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃

R¹³ = OCHF₂

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹¹ = F R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹² = CH₃

All H

R¹³ = CF₃

R¹² = Cl

R¹² = OCH₃

R¹³ = Cl

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃ NH₂ R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃ CN R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹¹ = F R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹¹ = CH₃ R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹³ = OCHF₂

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹¹ = CH₃ R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OHCF₂

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH2OCH₃

R¹² = F R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCHF₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = Br

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹³ = OCF₃

R¹³ = OCF₃

R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹³ = OCHCF₂

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCHCF₂

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹³ = OCHCF₂

R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCHCF₂

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₂CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCHF₂

R¹³ = OCHF₂

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCHF₂

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃

R¹³ = CH₂CF₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹¹ = F R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹³ = OCH₃

R¹¹ = F R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCHF₂

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃

R¹³ = CH₂CF₃

R¹³ = OCHF₂

R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = CH₃

R¹³ = OCH₂CH₃

R¹³ = OCHF₂

R¹³ = CH₃

or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof.
 2. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of claim
 1. 3. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 2, further comprising one or more other suitable therapeutic agents selected from: anti-diabetic agents, anti-hyperglycemic agents, anti-hyperinsulinemic agents, anti-retinopathic agents, anti-neuropathic agents, anti-nephropathic agents, anti-atherosclerotic agents, anti-ischemic agents, anti-hypertensive agents, anti-obesity agents, anti-dyslipidemic agents, anti-hyperlipidemic agents, anti-hypertriglyceridemic agents, anti-hypercholesterolemic agents, anti-restenotic agents, lipid lowering agents, anorectic agents, and appetite suppressants.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 2, further comprising one or more other suitable therapeutic agents selected from: a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor, a sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitor and a 11b-HSD-1 inhibitor.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 2, further comprising a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 2, further comprising a sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitor.
 7. A method for the treatment of diabetes, hyperglycemia, gestational diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of at least a compound of claim
 1. 